Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a small, rod-shaped bacterium that is classified as an acid-fast bacillus. This means that it has a waxy outer coating that makes it difficult to stain with traditional laboratory techniques. The bacterium can survive and multiply within human cells, primarily in the lungs.

Transmission of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through the air when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. Tiny droplets containing the bacteria are released into the air and can be inhaled by others. It is important to note that not everyone who inhales these bacteria becomes infected, as the immune system can often control the infection and prevent the development of active TB disease.

Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis
When the bacterium enters the body, it is usually engulfed by immune cells called macrophages. However, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has developed mechanisms to survive and replicate within these cells, evading the immune response. Over time, the infection can progress, leading to the development of active TB disease.

Symptoms and Complications
Active TB disease can cause a range of symptoms, including persistent cough, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, and fever. If left untreated, TB can be potentially fatal and can cause severe damage to the lungs and other affected organs.

Treatment and Prevention
TB is typically treated with a combination of antibiotics over a period of several months. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure the eradication of the bacteria. Vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can also provide some protection against TB, although it is not completely effective in preventing the disease.

In conclusion, tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is primarily transmitted through the air and can cause a range of symptoms and complications if left untreated. Understanding the cause of TB is crucial for its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.