Kulhs - The Local System of Canal Irrigation in Himachal Pradesh

The correct answer is option 'A', Kulhs.

Kulhs are an ancient and indigenous system of canal irrigation that originated in Himachal Pradesh, a state located in the northern part of India. This system was developed more than four hundred years ago and has played a crucial role in facilitating agriculture in the region. Let us explore this local irrigation system in detail.

1. What are Kulhs?

Kulhs are small canals or water channels that are constructed on the hillsides to divert water from perennial streams or rivers for irrigation purposes. They are designed to carry water from higher altitudes to the agricultural fields located at lower altitudes. These canals are made by cutting into the hill slopes and are often lined with stone walls or concrete to prevent erosion and seepage.

2. Evolution and Development

The development of Kulhs can be traced back to the 16th century when local communities in Himachal Pradesh recognized the need for an efficient irrigation system to support their agricultural activities. Over time, these canals were meticulously constructed and maintained by the local communities through collective efforts. The knowledge and techniques associated with building and managing Kulhs were passed down from one generation to another.

3. Functioning and Features

- Catchment: Kulhs are typically constructed near the catchment areas of rivers or streams, ensuring a constant water source for irrigation.
- Diversion Structure: At the source, a diversion structure is built to divert the water flow into the canal system. This structure often consists of a stone or concrete dam-like arrangement.
- Gravity Flow: Kulhs operate on the principle of gravity flow, where the slope of the canal allows water to flow downhill, providing irrigation to the fields located at lower altitudes.
- Maintenance: The local communities actively participate in the maintenance and repair of these canals. They clear debris, remove blockages, and ensure the smooth flow of water.

4. Benefits and Significance

- Efficient Water Management: Kulhs are designed to minimize water wastage and maximize the utilization of available water resources. They contribute to sustainable water management practices.
- Social Cohesion: The construction and maintenance of Kulhs involve collective efforts and community participation. It promotes social cohesion and strengthens the bond among the local communities.
- Agricultural Productivity: The availability of water through Kulhs has significantly enhanced agricultural productivity in the region. It has allowed farmers to cultivate a variety of crops and increase their agricultural yields.

In conclusion, Kulhs are a remarkable example of indigenous water management systems in Himachal Pradesh. They have stood the test of time and continue to support agricultural activities in the region. The evolution and sustainability of this local canal irrigation system highlight the wisdom and ingenuity of the local communities in harnessing water resources for their livelihoods.