Immunisation and Vaccination:

Immunization and vaccination are protective measures used to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Immunization is a process by which a person becomes immune or resistant to a disease. Vaccination is the process of administering a vaccine to stimulate the immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease.

Incorrect Statement:

The incorrect statement among the options given is C, which states that a single vaccination gives adequate immunity and lasts lifelong. This statement is incorrect because different vaccines provide different levels of immunity, and the duration of immunity varies for each vaccine. Some vaccines may provide lifelong immunity, while others may require booster shots to maintain immunity.

Details:

Immunisation:

Immunisation is the process of increasing the body's ability to fight off infection or disease by introducing a weakened or inactive form of the disease-causing agent (antigen) into the body. This exposure triggers the body's immune system to produce antibodies that can recognize and fight the disease-causing agent if it is encountered in the future.

Vaccination:

Vaccination is a type of immunisation that involves the administration of a vaccine. A vaccine is a substance that contains a weakened or inactive form of a virus or bacteria that causes a particular disease. Vaccines are designed to stimulate the immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease without causing the disease itself.

Types of Vaccines:

- Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain a weakened form of the disease-causing virus or bacteria. Examples include the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, and the oral polio vaccine (OPV).
- Inactivated vaccines: These vaccines contain killed or inactivated disease-causing viruses or bacteria. Examples include the polio vaccine, hepatitis A, and the flu vaccine.
- Subunit, recombinant, or conjugate vaccines: These vaccines contain only small pieces of the disease-causing organism, such as a protein or sugar. Examples include the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, meningococcal vaccine, and the pneumococcal vaccine.
- mRNA vaccines: These vaccines contain a piece of genetic material called messenger RNA (mRNA), which instructs cells to produce a protein that triggers an immune response. Examples include the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines.

Duration of Immunity:

The duration of immunity provided by a vaccine varies depending on the vaccine and the individual's immune system response. Some vaccines provide lifelong immunity, such as the smallpox vaccine, while others require booster shots to maintain immunity, such as the tetanus vaccine. In some cases, immunity may wane over time, such as with the whooping cough vaccine, which may require booster shots throughout an individual's lifetime.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, vaccination is a type of immunisation that involves the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease. The duration of immunity provided by a vaccine varies depending on the vaccine and the individual's immune system response. A single vaccination may not provide lifelong immunity, and booster shots may be required to maintain immunity.