Explain difference between Horizontal Power sharing and vertical power sharing with context to indian democrac?

Question

Answer

The horizontal power-sharing is a division of power amidst various organs of the government, which are equally placed. The vertical power-sharing is a division of power amidst different levels of the government. Government organs work at the same levels to exercise varied powers.

Answer

Horizontal Power Sharing vs Vertical Power Sharing in Indian Democracy

Horizontal Power Sharing

Horizontal power sharing is the sharing of power among different organs of the government at the same level. In India, the Constitution provides for the division of powers between the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.

Examples of Horizontal Power Sharing in India

The Legislature makes laws, the Executive implements them, and the Judiciary interprets them.

The President of India is the Head of the State, while the Prime Minister is the Head of the Government. Both have different responsibilities and powers.

The Supreme Court and the High Courts can declare the laws passed by the Legislature and the actions of the Executive as unconstitutional.

Vertical Power Sharing

Vertical power sharing is the sharing of power between different levels of government. In India, the Constitution provides for the division of powers between the Central government and the State governments.

Examples of Vertical Power Sharing in India

The Central government has the power to make laws on subjects that are of national importance such as defense, foreign affairs, and currency. While the State governments have the power to make laws on subjects that are of state importance such as health, education, and agriculture.

The Central government and the State governments share the power of taxation. While the Central government can levy taxes on income, customs, and excise, the State governments can levy taxes on land, agriculture, and entertainment.

The Constitution provides for the creation of three lists - Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. The Union List contains subjects on which only the Central government can make laws, the State List contains subjects on which only the State governments can make laws, and the Concurrent List contains subjects on which both the Central and State governments can make laws.

Conclusion

Horizontal and vertical power sharing are essential for a democracy to function properly. Horizontal power sharing ensures that no single organ of the government becomes too powerful, while vertical power sharing ensures that the powers are distributed among the Central and State governments. India's Constitution provides for both horizontal and vertical power sharing, making it one of the largest and most successful democracies in the world.

Answer

The points given below are noteworthy, so far as the difference between horizontal and vertical power-sharing is concerned:

1. In the horizontal power-sharing method, there is a sharing of power by different organs of the government, which work at the same rank or position. Contrastingly, in vertical power-sharing method, the power is divided among different levels of the government from highest to lowest, by the constitution.
2. In the horizontal division of power, there is a demarcation which ensures that no government organ has unlimited powers. On the contrary, in vertical division of power, the different levels of the government have varied degree of powers assigned to them by the constitution.
3. In a horizontal power-sharing arrangement the government organs placed at the same level to exercise varied powers. As against, in a vertical power-sharing arrangement the constitution describes the powers of different levels of the government.
4. The best thing about horizontal power sharing is that each organ checks the working of other organs, whereas, in the case of vertical power-sharing, the lower organ works under the higher one, so the higher one keeps a check on it.
5.The horizontal division of power advocates the concept of expansion of democracy. Conversely, the vertical division of power tends to promote the deepening of democracy.

6. In horizontal power-sharing all the government organs work at the same level, to serve different purposes. In contrast, in a vertical power-sharing arrangement, all the units and subunits at different level work for a common goal.

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