Assertion: A major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992 by amending the constitution.

Reason: Constitution was amended to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective.

Explanation:

The assertion states that a major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992 through the amendment of the constitution. The reason provided is that the constitution was amended to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective.

Understanding Decentralization:

Decentralization refers to the transfer of power and authority from a central government to local or regional governments. It aims to distribute decision-making and administrative powers to lower levels of government, allowing for greater participation and representation of local communities.

Decentralization in the Indian Context:

In the Indian context, decentralization is achieved through the establishment of three tiers of government - the central government, state governments, and local governments. The local government, also known as the third tier of democracy, is responsible for governing at the grassroots level and is represented by elected representatives in the form of municipalities, panchayats, and other local bodies.

The Amendment of the Constitution:

The assertion claims that a major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992 through the amendment of the constitution. This refers to the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which were passed in 1992 and introduced significant changes to the structure and powers of local governments in India.

The 73rd Amendment Act:

The 73rd Amendment Act, also known as the Panchayati Raj Act, provided a constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) at the village, intermediate, and district levels. It mandated the establishment of a three-tier structure for rural local governance, with elected representatives at each level. This amendment aimed to empower local communities and promote grassroots democracy.

The 74th Amendment Act:

The 74th Amendment Act, also known as the Nagarpalika Act, provided a constitutional status to the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India. It mandated the establishment of a two-tier structure for urban local governance, with elected representatives at the municipal and ward levels. This amendment aimed to strengthen urban governance and ensure citizen participation in decision-making.

Explanation of the Reason:

The reason provided for the assertion is that the constitution was amended to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective. This aligns with the objectives of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which aimed to empower local governments and ensure their effective functioning.

The amendments provided constitutional recognition and protection to the PRIs and ULBs, ensuring their autonomy and enabling them to perform their functions without interference from higher levels of government. They also mandated the devolution of powers, functions, and finances to the local governments, making them more powerful and effective in decision-making and implementation.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the assertion and reason are both true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion. The 1992 amendment of the constitution through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments was indeed a major step towards decentralization in India. It aimed to empower the third tier of democracy and make it more powerful and effective by providing constitutional recognition, autonomy, and devolution of powers to local governments.