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How might behaviours of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) be explained by the principles of instrumental learning?
  • a)
    OCD behaviours are naturally learned from biological relatives 
  • b)
    OCD behaviours are learned from pairing anxiety-provoking stimuli with common behaviours 
  • c)
    OCD behaviours are learned by perceptual processing of anxiety-provoking stimuli 
  • d)
    OCD behaviours are contingent upon schedules of reinforcement 
  • e)
    OCD behaviours are reinforced and maintained because they reduce anxiety
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?
Verified Answer
How might behaviours of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder...
The basic principles of reinforcement apply to OCD behaviours. When anxiety increases, individuals behave in ways to reduce this anxiety. Over time, individuals learn which behaviours are most effective for alleviating anxiety, and thus these behaviours become reinforced over time. Schedules of reinforcement may be considered as moderating the reinforcement effects but not the main principle for explaining learned behaviours. Answer A refers to genetic predisposition, answer B refers to classical conditioning and answer C is a distracter that does not address the question.
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Most Upvoted Answer
How might behaviours of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder...
Explanation:
OCD behaviors can be explained by the principles of instrumental learning, specifically in terms of reinforcement and reduction of anxiety.

Reinforcement:
- Individuals with OCD engage in specific behaviors (such as repetitive rituals or compulsions) because they have learned that these behaviors provide relief from anxiety.
- The relief from anxiety acts as a reinforcement, making the individual more likely to repeat the behavior in the future.

Reduction of Anxiety:
- People with OCD often experience high levels of anxiety or distress when faced with certain triggers or obsessions.
- By engaging in compulsive behaviors, they temporarily reduce this anxiety, reinforcing the behavior and making it more likely to occur again in the future.

Reinforcement and Maintenance:
- The reduction of anxiety through engaging in OCD behaviors acts as a form of negative reinforcement, as it reduces a negative stimulus (anxiety).
- This reinforcement mechanism maintains the OCD behaviors over time, as individuals continue to engage in them to alleviate their anxiety.
In summary, OCD behaviors are learned and reinforced through the reduction of anxiety they provide. This reinforcement loop maintains the behaviors and contributes to the persistence of OCD symptoms.
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Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (

Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (

Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (

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How might behaviours of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) be explained by the principles of instrumental learning?a)OCD behaviours are naturally learned from biological relativesb)OCD behaviours are learned from pairing anxiety-provoking stimuli with common behavioursc)OCD behaviours are learned by perceptual processing of anxiety-provoking stimulid)OCD behaviours are contingent upon schedules of reinforcemente)OCD behaviours are reinforced and maintained because they reduce anxietyCorrect answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?
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How might behaviours of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) be explained by the principles of instrumental learning?a)OCD behaviours are naturally learned from biological relativesb)OCD behaviours are learned from pairing anxiety-provoking stimuli with common behavioursc)OCD behaviours are learned by perceptual processing of anxiety-provoking stimulid)OCD behaviours are contingent upon schedules of reinforcemente)OCD behaviours are reinforced and maintained because they reduce anxietyCorrect answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer? for Humanities/Arts 2024 is part of Humanities/Arts preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the Humanities/Arts exam syllabus. Information about How might behaviours of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) be explained by the principles of instrumental learning?a)OCD behaviours are naturally learned from biological relativesb)OCD behaviours are learned from pairing anxiety-provoking stimuli with common behavioursc)OCD behaviours are learned by perceptual processing of anxiety-provoking stimulid)OCD behaviours are contingent upon schedules of reinforcemente)OCD behaviours are reinforced and maintained because they reduce anxietyCorrect answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for Humanities/Arts 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for How might behaviours of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) be explained by the principles of instrumental learning?a)OCD behaviours are naturally learned from biological relativesb)OCD behaviours are learned from pairing anxiety-provoking stimuli with common behavioursc)OCD behaviours are learned by perceptual processing of anxiety-provoking stimulid)OCD behaviours are contingent upon schedules of reinforcemente)OCD behaviours are reinforced and maintained because they reduce anxietyCorrect answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?.
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