Introduction:
The Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived around 2500-1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, was one of the oldest urban civilizations in the world. The people of this civilization were highly skilled in various fields, including art and craftsmanship. One of their notable creations was seals, which served multiple purposes.

Commercial purposes:
The production of seals in the Indus Valley Civilization had significant commercial purposes. The seals were made from various materials such as steatite, terracotta, and faience. These seals were meticulously carved with unique symbols, often depicting animals, humans, and other intricate motifs. The seals were typically square or rectangular in shape and had a hole on one end, suggesting that they were used as stamps or amulets. These seals were used to mark and authenticate goods, containers, and documents, indicating ownership or indicating that the goods had been inspected and approved. They were impressed onto clay or wax, leaving behind an impression that acted as a form of identification or signature. This use of seals facilitated trade and commerce, ensuring the authenticity and security of transactions.

Religious purposes:
Seals in the Indus Valley Civilization also had religious significance. Many seals depicted animals, such as bulls, rhinoceroses, and elephants, as well as various mythical creatures and deities. These seals were likely used in religious rituals, as amulets, or as symbols of divine protection. They may have been carried or worn by individuals as a form of personal religious expression or for spiritual connection.

Social purposes:
Seals also served social purposes in the Indus Valley Civilization. The seals often bore inscriptions or symbols that represented the owner's identity, occupation, or social status. Some seals were personalized with names or titles, suggesting that they were used as personal seals by individuals of high rank or authority. The use of seals as personal identification marks in a society without a writing system allowed individuals to assert their identity and establish their social standing.

Conclusion:
The production of seals in the Indus Valley Civilization served commercial, religious, and social purposes. These seals played a crucial role in facilitating trade and commerce, ensuring authenticity, and marking ownership. They also held religious significance, potentially serving as amulets or symbols of divine protection. Additionally, seals were used for personal identification and establishing social status. The seals of the Indus Valley Civilization provide valuable insights into the economic, religious, and social aspects of this ancient civilization.