Substantive equality, as adopted by some countries, refers to the principle that goes beyond formal or legal equality. It recognizes that simply treating everyone the same does not necessarily result in a fair and just society. Instead, substantive equality seeks to address the historical, social, and economic disadvantages faced by marginalized and disadvantaged groups.

Providing equal opportunities for disadvantaged and marginalized groups:
One of the key aspects of substantive equality is the provision of equal opportunities for disadvantaged and marginalized groups. This means taking proactive measures to ensure that these groups have the same access to education, employment, healthcare, and other resources as the more privileged sections of society. It recognizes that certain groups may face barriers that prevent them from fully participating in social, economic, and political life, and seeks to rectify these disparities through targeted interventions.

Addressing historical and systemic disadvantages:
Substantive equality also recognizes the importance of addressing historical and systemic disadvantages faced by certain groups. For example, indigenous communities, racial and ethnic minorities, women, and people with disabilities have historically been subjected to discrimination, prejudice, and exclusion. Substantive equality acknowledges the need to redress these past injustices and dismantle the structural barriers that perpetuate inequality.

Promoting inclusion and representation:
Another aspect of substantive equality is promoting inclusion and representation of marginalized groups in decision-making processes and institutions. This involves ensuring that diverse perspectives are taken into account when formulating policies and implementing programs. It recognizes that different groups have unique experiences and needs, and that policies and programs must be tailored to address these specificities.

Challenging social norms and stereotypes:
Substantive equality also involves challenging social norms and stereotypes that perpetuate inequality. This includes dismantling discriminatory practices, attitudes, and beliefs that limit opportunities for certain groups. It seeks to create a society where individuals are not judged or limited based on their gender, race, ethnicity, religion, or other characteristics, but are instead valued for their abilities and contributions.

In conclusion, substantive equality goes beyond formal equality by recognizing and addressing the historical, social, and economic disadvantages faced by marginalized and disadvantaged groups. It involves providing equal opportunities, addressing systemic disadvantages, promoting inclusion and representation, and challenging social norms and stereotypes. By adopting substantive equality, countries aim to create a more just and equitable society for all.