Answer:

The fifth phase (1998-2013) of Indian foreign policy marked the acquisition of attributes of a balancing power against the rise of China. This phase can be characterized by the following key factors:

Nuclear tests: In 1998, India conducted nuclear tests, which brought the country into the international spotlight. These tests were seen as a response to China's nuclear capabilities and served as a deterrent against Chinese aggression. The nuclear tests signaled India's determination to protect its national security interests and establish itself as a regional power.

Strategic partnerships: During this phase, India sought to build strategic partnerships with countries that shared its concerns about China's rise. India strengthened its ties with countries like the United States, Japan, and Australia, forming alliances and engaging in military exercises. These partnerships aimed to balance China's growing influence in the region and strengthen India's position as a counterweight.

Look East Policy: India's Look East Policy, initiated in the early 1990s but gaining momentum in this phase, aimed to enhance economic and strategic engagement with Southeast Asian countries. This policy served as a means to counter China's increasing presence in the region and expand India's influence. India actively participated in regional forums like the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and strengthened bilateral relations with countries like Vietnam and Singapore.

Border disputes: The border disputes between India and China, particularly in the region of Arunachal Pradesh, continued to be a challenge during this phase. India's assertive stance on these disputes and its efforts to strengthen border infrastructure were seen as a response to China's territorial claims. By actively defending its borders, India aimed to maintain a balance of power in the region and counter China's assertiveness.

Economic growth: India's economic growth during this phase played a significant role in its acquisition of attributes of a balancing power. Rapid economic development allowed India to enhance its military capabilities and invest in infrastructure projects along its borders. This economic growth also increased India's leverage in international relations and strengthened its position as a counterweight to China.

Overall, the fifth phase of Indian foreign policy marked a significant shift in India's approach towards China's rise. Through nuclear tests, strategic partnerships, the Look East Policy, border defense, and economic growth, India sought to acquire the attributes of a balancing power and protect its national interests in the face of China's growing influence.