Homologous Organs - Those organs which are originated from a common ancester but have different functions in various organisms. These organs also have a similar structure . Ex- Forelimbs of dogs, bats, humans, horses.Analogous Organs - Those organs which have no common ancester but have similar structure and fuctioning are called analogous organs.Persistalsis Movement - This movement is also known as peristaltic movement. When we swallow anything, there is a contraction and expansion in our rings of trachea so as to move food downwards. This type of movement is known as peristaltis movement.Urethra - It is a passage inside the muscular reproductive organ , penis which removes urine and injects sperm from the body.Photolysis - The trapping of sunlight and using it to decompose a water molecule into respective gases ,i.e., Hydrogen and Oxygen

Homologous Structures:

Definition: Homologous structures are similar structures found in different species that share a common ancestry. These structures may have different functions in different organisms, but they have the same basic anatomical features.

Explanation: Homologous structures are evidence of evolution and indicate that different species share a common ancestor. These structures may have evolved to perform different functions in different organisms, but their underlying structure remains similar. For example, the forelimbs of mammals, such as humans, bats, and whales, have the same basic structure of bones despite being adapted for different purposes.

Analogous Structures:

Definition: Analogous structures are structures that have a similar function but do not share a common ancestry. These structures evolved independently in different species to perform similar tasks.

Explanation: Analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution, where different species independently evolve similar characteristics due to similar environmental pressures. For example, the wings of birds and insects have a similar function of flight but have different anatomical structures.

Fossil:

Definition: Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms that provide evidence of past life on Earth. Fossils can include the remains of plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as footprints, burrows, and imprints.

Explanation: Fossils are formed when an organism is buried in sediment, and over time, the organic material is replaced by minerals, preserving the structure and shape of the organism. Fossils provide valuable information about the history of life on Earth, including the evolution of different species and the environmental conditions of the past.

Peristaltic Movement:

Definition: Peristaltic movement refers to the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles in the walls of certain tubular organs, such as the esophagus and intestines. This movement helps propel substances through these organs.

Explanation: Peristaltic movement is a coordinated muscular contraction and relaxation that creates wave-like motions along the length of a tubular structure. In the esophagus, peristalsis helps to push food from the mouth to the stomach, while in the intestines, it aids in the movement of digested food through the digestive tract.

Urethra:

Definition: The urethra is a tube-like structure that connects the urinary bladder to the external opening, allowing the passage of urine from the body.

Explanation: The urethra serves as a conduit for the elimination of urine from the body. In males, it also serves as a passage for semen during ejaculation. The length and structure of the urethra differ between males and females.

Photolysis:

Definition: Photolysis refers to the process of breaking down molecules using light energy. It involves the absorption of photons, which provides the energy needed to break chemical bonds.

Explanation: Photolysis is commonly observed in photosynthesis, where light energy is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. This process occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and is an essential step in the light reaction of photosynthesis.

Dark Reaction:

Definition: The dark reaction, also known as the Calvin cycle, is the second stage of photosynthesis. It involves the conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose