Battle of Talikota
The correct answer is option 'C' - Battle of Talikota.

The Battle of Talikota, also known as the Battle of Rakshasa-Tangadi, took place in 1565 CE between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan Sultanates.

1. Background:
The Vijayanagara Empire, ruled by the Hindu kings, was a prominent South Indian kingdom known for its cultural and economic prosperity. On the other hand, the Deccan Sultanates, comprising various Muslim dynasties, sought to expand their territories and influence in the region.

2. Muhammad-bin-Qasim:
It is important to note that Muhammad-bin-Qasim, the Arab general, is not associated with the Battle of Talikota. He was a military commander who invaded Sindh region in present-day Pakistan in the early 8th century CE, defeating the local Hindu ruler Raja Dahir. This event is known as the Arab conquest of Sindh.

3. Battle of Talikota:
The Battle of Talikota primarily involved four major Sultanates - Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar, and Bidar, collectively known as the Deccan Sultanates. These Sultanates formed an alliance against the Vijayanagara Empire, which was ruled by King Rama Raya during that time.

4. Causes:
The primary cause of the battle was the growing influence and power of the Vijayanagara Empire, which threatened the stability and expansionist ambitions of the Deccan Sultanates. Additionally, religious differences between the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire and the Muslim Sultanates further fueled the conflict.

5. Course of the Battle:
The Battle of Talikota took place near the village of Talikota in present-day Karnataka, India. The allied forces of the Deccan Sultanates launched a surprise attack on the Vijayanagara army, catching them off guard. The Vijayanagara Empire suffered a significant defeat, and King Rama Raya was killed in the battle. The city of Vijayanagara was subsequently looted and destroyed by the victorious Sultanate forces.

6. Consequences:
The Battle of Talikota marked a turning point in South Indian history. The defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire led to its decline and eventual disintegration. The Deccan Sultanates gained control over the region and established their dominance. The battle also had a significant impact on the cultural and architectural heritage of the Vijayanagara Empire, as many temples and structures were destroyed during the sack of the city.

In conclusion, Muhammad-bin-Qasim did not defeat Dahir, the ruler of Sind, in the Battle of Talikota. The Battle of Talikota was fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan Sultanates, resulting in the defeat and decline of the Vijayanagara Empire.