Q23: Factors ensuring the independence of judiciary in India

The independence of the judiciary is crucial for upholding the rule of law and ensuring justice in any country. In India, there are several factors that ensure the independence of the judiciary, including:

1. Constitutional provisions: The Constitution of India provides for an independent judiciary and enshrines the principle of separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary.

2. Appointment process: The appointment of judges in India is done by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Chief Justice of India. The process is transparent and objective, and appointments are made on the basis of merit and suitability.

3. Security of tenure: Judges in India have security of tenure, which means they cannot be removed from office except through a process of impeachment by Parliament.

4. Financial independence: The judiciary in India is financially independent and its budget is not subject to the approval of the government. This ensures that the judiciary is not influenced by the government in its decision-making.

5. Judicial review: The power of judicial review allows the judiciary to review the actions of the executive and the legislature and strike down any laws or actions that are unconstitutional.

6. Public trust: The Indian judiciary enjoys a high degree of public trust and is widely respected for its impartiality and independence.

Q24: Powers and functions of Parliament

The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body in the country and is responsible for making laws, exercising oversight over the executive, and representing the people of India. Some of the powers and functions of Parliament include:

1. Law-making: Parliament is responsible for making laws on subjects that are under its jurisdiction, as defined in the Constitution.

2. Budget approval: Parliament has the power to approve the annual budget presented by the government and to scrutinize its expenditure.

3. Oversight of the executive: Parliament exercises oversight over the executive by asking questions, holding debates, and conducting inquiries into matters of public interest.

4. Impeachment: Parliament has the power to impeach the President, Vice-President, judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, and other high officials for violation of the Constitution.

5. Amendment of the Constitution: Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution through a special procedure that requires a two-thirds majority in both houses of Parliament.

6. Representation: Parliament represents the people of India and provides a forum for their grievances and concerns.

Q25: Objective Resolution

The Objective Resolution was a resolution moved by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, on December 13, 1946, in the Constituent Assembly of India. The resolution laid down the principles that would guide the drafting of the Constitution of India.

The Objective Resolution affirmed the commitment of the Constituent Assembly to the following principles:

1. Sovereignty: India would be a sovereign, democratic republic that would be governed by the people of India.

2. Equality: All citizens of India, regardless of their caste, creed, or sex, would be equal before the law.

3. Liberty: The people of India would have freedom of speech, expression, and religion.

4. Fraternity: The people of India would live in harmony and work towards the common good.

5. Socialism: India would strive to create a socialist society that would promote the welfare of all citizens.

The Objective Resolution was a landmark moment in the history of India, as it laid down the principles that would guide the drafting of the Constitution and shape