B) CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency) refers to the aspect of language proficiency that includes formal academic learning. It involves the ability to listen, speak, read, and write about subject area content material.

CALP is an important aspect of language proficiency as it enables students to understand and effectively communicate in academic settings. It goes beyond basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS) which are typically used in everyday social situations.

CALP encompasses the following key components:

1. Listening: CALP requires students to be able to understand and comprehend academic lectures, discussions, and presentations. They need to be able to follow complex instructions and process information presented orally.

2. Speaking: CALP involves the ability to express ideas and thoughts clearly and effectively in a formal academic setting. This includes participating in classroom discussions, giving presentations, and engaging in academic debates.

3. Reading: CALP requires students to have strong reading comprehension skills. They need to be able to understand and analyze complex texts, such as textbooks, research papers, and academic articles. This also includes the ability to identify and infer main ideas, make connections, and evaluate arguments.

4. Writing: CALP involves the ability to write effectively in an academic context. Students need to be able to organize their thoughts, use appropriate language and vocabulary, and present their ideas in a coherent and structured manner. This includes writing research papers, essays, and reports.

CALP is particularly important for students who are learning a second language or are non-native speakers. It allows them to access and engage with academic content across various subject areas.

In conclusion, CALP refers to the aspect of language proficiency that encompasses formal academic learning. It includes listening, speaking, reading, and writing about subject area content material. Developing CALP is crucial for students to succeed in academic settings and effectively communicate in a variety of academic contexts.