What do you mean by double fertilization ?

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Double fertilisation is a type of fertilisation.... in which...female gametes fuses with two different male gametes...to place process of reproduction.... Ok...

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Fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.

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Fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm

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The placing of female gametes with two male gametes is called double fertilisation.It occurs in case of plants, specially in case of angiosperms

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Double Fertilization:

Double fertilization is a unique process that occurs in angiosperms (flowering plants) during sexual reproduction. It involves the fusion of two sperm cells with two different female gametes, resulting in the formation of both a zygote and endosperm. This process is essential for the successful development of seeds in flowering plants.

The Process:

1. Pollination:
- Double fertilization begins with the process of pollination, where pollen grains are transferred from the anther (male reproductive organ) to the stigma (female reproductive organ) of a flower.
- Pollination can occur through various means, such as wind, water, or with the help of pollinators like insects, birds, or bats.

2. Germination of Pollen Grain:
- Once a pollen grain reaches the stigma, it germinates and produces a pollen tube.
- The pollen tube grows through the style, a long tubular structure connecting the stigma to the ovary.

3. Double Fertilization:
- When the pollen tube reaches the ovary, it enters the embryo sac, which contains the female gametes.
- Within the embryo sac, there are two female gametes: the egg cell (ovum) and the central cell.
- The pollen tube releases two sperm cells into the embryo sac.

4. Fusion of Sperm Cells:
- One sperm cell fuses with the egg cell, resulting in the formation of a diploid zygote. This zygote develops into an embryo, which will eventually grow into a new plant.
- The fusion of the sperm cell and the egg cell is similar to fertilization in other organisms.

5. Fusion with Central Cell:
- The other sperm cell fuses with the central cell, which contains two polar nuclei.
- This fusion forms a triploid cell known as the primary endosperm nucleus.
- The primary endosperm nucleus undergoes multiple rounds of cell division to form endosperm, a nutrient-rich tissue that surrounds the developing embryo. The endosperm provides nourishment to the growing embryo.

Significance of Double Fertilization:

Double fertilization ensures the coordinated development of the embryo and endosperm, providing the necessary nutrients for the early stages of seed development. This unique reproductive strategy in flowering plants contributes to their evolutionary success and ability to produce a wide variety of seeds. The endosperm, rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and other nutrients, serves as a food reserve for the developing embryo. It is analogous to the nutritive tissue found in the yolk of an egg in animals. The formation of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm through double fertilization is a crucial adaptation that enhances the chances of successful seed germination and plant growth.

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