The Role of the Indian National Congress in the Freedom Movement

The Indian National Congress (INC) played a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Founded in 1885, the INC initially aimed to empower Indians within the British administration. However, over time, it transformed into a powerful platform for advocating for India's freedom. The INC's contributions to the freedom movement can be discussed under the following headings:

1. Early Phase and Moderates:
- During its early years, the INC was led by moderate leaders such as A.O. Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
- They focused on promoting education, social reforms, and representation of Indian interests in the British government.
- The moderates aimed to create a dialogue with the British authorities and sought constitutional reforms through methods like petitions, resolutions, and public debates.

2. Extremist Phase and the Swadeshi Movement:
- In the early 20th century, the INC witnessed a shift towards more radical and assertive methods under leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal.
- The extremists advocated for complete independence and used aggressive tactics like boycotts, strikes, and mass movements to challenge British rule.
- The Swadeshi movement, initiated by the INC, encouraged the use of indigenous goods and industries, promoting self-reliance and economic independence.

3. Mahatma Gandhi and Non-Cooperation Movement:
- Mahatma Gandhi's arrival on the political scene gave a new direction to the INC's struggle for independence.
- Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and civil disobedience became the cornerstone of the freedom movement.
- The Non-Cooperation Movement launched in 1920 by the INC under Gandhi's leadership aimed to boycott British institutions and products, leading to widespread protests and mass participation.

4. Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement:
- The Civil Disobedience Movement launched by the INC in 1930 under Gandhi's leadership aimed to challenge the salt tax and British control over the production and distribution of salt.
- Millions of Indians participated in acts of civil disobedience, such as making salt illegally and boycotting British goods.
- The Quit India Movement launched in 1942 by the INC demanded an immediate end to British rule and called for a mass struggle against colonialism.
- The movement faced severe repression from the British authorities, but it showcased the determination and resilience of the Indian people in their fight for freedom.

5. Negotiations and Transfer of Power:
- The INC actively participated in negotiations with the British government, demanding freedom and self-rule for India.
- Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel played crucial roles in the negotiations that ultimately led to India's independence.
- The INC's efforts in mobilizing the masses, raising awareness, and presenting a united front were instrumental in pressuring the British to grant independence to India.

In conclusion, the Indian National Congress played a significant role in the freedom movement by providing a platform for political mobilization, advocating for Indian rights, and leading mass movements against British rule. From the moderates to the extremists and ultimately the non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi, the INC's contributions were instrumental in shaping India's journey towards independence.