Key Themes covered under Modern Political Thinkers in Paper I of PSIR:

1. Liberalism:
- Liberalism is a key theme in modern political thinkers. It emphasizes individual rights, freedom, and limited government intervention.
- Thinkers like John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and John Stuart Mill have contributed to the development of liberal political thought.
- Concepts such as natural rights, social contract, and utilitarianism are discussed under liberalism.

2. Conservatism:
- Conservatism is another important theme in modern political thinkers. It focuses on tradition, order, and stability.
- Thinkers like Edmund Burke and Michael Oakeshott have explored the ideas of preserving institutions, gradual change, and skepticism towards radical ideologies.
- The concept of organic society, where society is seen as an interconnected organism, is often discussed in conservative thought.

3. Socialism and Marxism:
- Socialism and Marxism are significant themes in modern political thinkers. They critique capitalism and advocate for social and economic equality.
- Thinkers like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels have developed the ideas of class struggle, historical materialism, and the abolition of private property.
- Key concepts like communism, proletariat, and surplus value are explored in socialist and Marxist political thought.

4. Feminism:
- Feminism is an emerging theme in modern political thinkers. It focuses on gender equality, women's rights, and dismantling patriarchy.
- Thinkers like Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan, and Judith Butler have contributed to feminist political thought.
- Concepts such as gender as a social construct, intersectionality, and the need for women's empowerment and representation are discussed in feminist theory.

5. Postcolonialism:
- Postcolonialism is an important theme in modern political thinkers, particularly in the context of decolonization and the struggles of colonized nations.
- Thinkers like Frantz Fanon and Edward Said have explored the impact of colonialism on identity, power dynamics, and knowledge production.
- Concepts such as cultural imperialism, Orientalism, and the need for decolonizing knowledge are discussed in postcolonial political thought.

6. Environmentalism:
- Environmentalism is a contemporary theme in modern political thinkers. It focuses on the preservation of the environment and sustainable development.
- Thinkers like Rachel Carson and Vandana Shiva have highlighted the importance of ecological balance, conservation, and the impact of human activities on the planet.
- Concepts like climate justice, biodiversity, and the need for environmental policies are discussed in environmental political thought.

These key themes under modern political thinkers in Paper I of PSIR cover a wide range of ideologies and perspectives, providing a comprehensive understanding of political thought in the modern era.