Interlocking Spurs

Interlocking spurs are a distinctive feature of a river valley formed in hilly or mountainous regions. They are elongated ridges that extend out from the sides of a valley and interlock with each other. These spurs are formed due to the erosive action of the river as it cuts through the landscape.

Formation:
1. When a river flows through a hilly or mountainous area, it follows a winding path around the slopes.
2. As the river cuts through the landscape, it erodes the softer rocks and sediments more easily, leaving behind harder rocks.
3. The river takes the path of least resistance, flowing around the hard rocks and forming interlocking spurs.
4. Over time, the repeated process of erosion and deposition shapes these spurs into elongated ridges that interlock with each other.

Characteristics:
1. Interlocking spurs appear as irregularly shaped ridges that extend out from the sides of a river valley.
2. They are often seen in areas with steep slopes and valleys.
3. The spurs are formed due to the erosive action of the river as it cuts through the landscape.
4. These spurs can vary in size and shape depending on the geology of the area.

Truncated Spurs

Truncated spurs are a result of the erosion of interlocking spurs. They are formed when a river cuts through and removes the ends of the interlocking spurs, giving them a truncated or cut-off appearance.

Formation:
1. As a river continues to erode the landscape, it gradually cuts through the interlocking spurs.
2. The river's erosive action removes the ends of the spurs, causing them to become truncated.
3. The process of truncation occurs due to the river's ability to erode the landscape faster than the interlocking spurs can be formed.

Characteristics:
1. Truncated spurs appear as truncated or cut-off ridges at the sides of a river valley.
2. They are formed as a result of the erosion of interlocking spurs by the river.
3. Truncated spurs indicate a more advanced stage of river erosion compared to interlocking spurs.
4. These features are commonly seen in areas with steep slopes and valleys.

Terminal Moraine

Terminal moraines are glacial landforms that are created at the furthest end or terminus of a glacier. They are composed of a mixture of materials such as rocks, boulders, sand, and clay that have been transported and deposited by the glacier.

Formation:
1. As a glacier advances, it carries rocks, sediment, and debris from the area it moves over.
2. When the glacier reaches its maximum extent, it deposits this material in a ridge-like formation at its terminus.
3. This accumulation of debris forms a terminal moraine.

Characteristics:
1. Terminal moraines appear as elongated ridges or mounds of debris at the furthest end of a glacier.
2. They are composed of a mixture of rocks, boulders, sand, and clay.
3. Terminal moraines mark the furthest extent of glacial advance.
4. These landforms can vary in size and shape depending on the size and movement of the glacier.