Government policies and initiatives play a significant role in shaping the socio-economic landscape of a country. In the UPSC Paper II, several specific policies and initiatives are frequently asked. Let's delve into some of these policies and initiatives in detail:

1. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan:
- Launched in 2014, this cleanliness campaign aims to make India clean and open defecation-free.
- It includes constructing toilets, promoting sanitation practices, and creating awareness about cleanliness.
- The policy has had a substantial impact on improving sanitation and hygiene across the country.

2. Make in India:
- Launched in 2014, this initiative aims to boost manufacturing and attract foreign investment.
- It focuses on 25 sectors, including automobiles, defense, textiles, and electronics.
- The policy aims to make India a global manufacturing hub and generate employment opportunities.

3. Digital India:
- Launched in 2015, this initiative aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society.
- It includes various components like providing digital infrastructure, digital literacy, and delivering services digitally.
- The policy aims to bridge the digital divide and promote digital inclusion across the country.

4. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY):
- Launched in 2014, this financial inclusion program aims to provide banking facilities to all households.
- It focuses on opening bank accounts, promoting financial literacy, and providing access to credit and insurance.
- The policy aims to ensure financial inclusion and promote a cashless economy.

5. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY):
- Launched in 2016, this crop insurance scheme aims to protect farmers against crop losses due to natural calamities.
- It provides affordable insurance coverage and encourages farmers to adopt modern agricultural practices.
- The policy aims to mitigate the risks faced by farmers and ensure their financial stability.

6. Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY):
- Launched in 2018, this healthcare scheme aims to provide health insurance coverage to vulnerable sections of society.
- It covers over 10 crore families and provides cashless treatment for secondary and tertiary care.
- The policy aims to improve the accessibility and affordability of healthcare services in the country.

These are just a few examples of government policies and initiatives that are frequently asked in UPSC Paper II. It is crucial for aspirants to have a comprehensive understanding of these policies, their objectives, and their impact on society.