Legal principles and doctrines for UPSC Law Optional subject

Introduction:
The UPSC Law Optional subject requires a comprehensive understanding of various legal principles and doctrines. These principles and doctrines form the foundation of the legal system and play a crucial role in the interpretation and application of laws. Here are some key legal principles and doctrines that you should focus on for the UPSC Law Optional subject:

1. Doctrine of Stare Decisis:
- This doctrine refers to the principle of precedent, where case laws and decisions of higher courts are binding on lower courts.
- Understanding the hierarchy of courts and how precedents are established and applied is crucial.
- Familiarize yourself with landmark judgments and their impact on the development of legal principles.

2. Doctrine of Separation of Powers:
- This principle emphasizes the division of powers among the three branches of government: legislature, executive, and judiciary.
- Study the constitutional provisions that uphold this doctrine and the significance of maintaining a balance of power.

3. Doctrine of Judicial Review:
- The doctrine of judicial review allows the judiciary to review the constitutionality of laws and executive actions.
- Understand the scope and limitations of judicial review and its significance in safeguarding the fundamental rights of citizens.

4. Doctrine of Precedent:
- Precedents play a vital role in the interpretation and application of laws.
- Study the essentials of a binding precedent, ratio decidendi, obiter dicta, and the circumstances where precedents can be overruled or distinguished.

5. Doctrine of Ultra Vires:
- This doctrine refers to the principle that actions or decisions beyond the legal authority of an individual or an institution are null and void.
- Understand the concept of ultra vires and its application in administrative law and company law.

6. Doctrine of Res Judicata:
- Res judicata refers to the principle that a matter already adjudicated by a competent court cannot be re-litigated.
- Understand the essentials of res judicata and its exceptions in civil and criminal cases.

Conclusion:
Mastering these legal principles and doctrines is essential for the UPSC Law Optional subject. Focus on understanding their conceptual framework, landmark judgments, and practical application. Regularly refer to case laws and legal commentaries to strengthen your understanding of these principles and doctrines.