Using case-based ethical dilemmas or moral scenarios can be an effective way to discuss ethical issues in the Medical Science optional subject. These scenarios provide a practical and realistic context for students to analyze and evaluate ethical problems that may arise in the field of medicine. By applying ethical principles and reasoning to these scenarios, students can develop a deeper understanding of the complexities and challenges of making ethical decisions in healthcare.

1. Enhances critical thinking skills:
- Case-based ethical dilemmas require students to critically analyze and evaluate various factors involved in a given situation.
- By considering different perspectives and ethical principles, students can develop their critical thinking skills and learn how to make informed decisions.

2. Provides real-world context:
- Ethical dilemmas in medical science are rarely black and white, and often involve complex and conflicting interests.
- By using case-based scenarios, students can explore real-world situations and understand the nuances of ethical decision-making in the medical field.
- This approach helps students bridge the gap between theory and practice, preparing them for the ethical challenges they may encounter in their future careers.

3. Encourages empathy and ethical sensitivity:
- Case-based scenarios often involve ethical dilemmas that have a direct impact on patients and healthcare professionals.
- By engaging with these scenarios, students can develop empathy and ethical sensitivity towards the stakeholders involved.
- This perspective-taking allows students to understand the ethical implications of their decisions and consider the potential consequences for all parties involved.

4. Promotes ethical reasoning and decision-making:
- Case-based ethical dilemmas require students to apply ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
- By analyzing these scenarios, students can practice ethical reasoning and develop their decision-making skills.
- They learn to balance competing values, prioritize ethical principles, and make well-informed and ethically defensible choices.

In conclusion, using case-based ethical dilemmas or moral scenarios in the Medical Science optional subject can greatly enrich the learning experience and enhance students' understanding of ethical issues in healthcare. It promotes critical thinking, provides real-world context, encourages empathy and ethical sensitivity, and fosters ethical reasoning and decision-making skills. By grappling with these complex scenarios, students can develop the ethical competence necessary for their future roles as medical professionals.