There are several project management principles and techniques covered in the optional subject. These principles and techniques provide a framework for effective project planning, execution, and control. Here are some of the key principles and techniques:


- It involves defining and controlling what is included and excluded from the project.
- Techniques like Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and Scope Change Control are used to ensure that the project stays on track.


- It focuses on creating a project schedule and ensuring timely completion.
- Techniques like Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) help in scheduling activities and determining the project's critical path.


- It involves estimating, budgeting, and controlling project costs.
- Techniques like Cost-Benefit Analysis and Earned Value Management are used to track and manage project costs.


- It aims to meet or exceed stakeholder expectations by delivering a high-quality project.
- Techniques like Quality Assurance and Quality Control ensure that project deliverables meet the specified quality standards.


- It involves identifying, assessing, and managing project risks.
- Techniques like Risk Assessment Matrix and Risk Response Planning help in identifying and responding to potential risks.


- It focuses on establishing effective communication channels within the project team and with stakeholders.
- Techniques like Stakeholder Analysis and Communication Plan ensure that the right information is communicated to the right people at the right time.


- It involves acquiring, developing, and managing the project team.
- Techniques like Resource Histogram and Team Building help in optimizing the utilization of project team members.


- It involves acquiring goods and services from external sources to support the project.
- Techniques like Make-or-Buy Analysis and Contract Management ensure that procurement activities are carried out effectively.

These principles and techniques provide a comprehensive framework for managing projects successfully. By applying these principles and techniques, project managers can enhance project outcomes, minimize risks, and ensure project success.