There are several transportation systems analysis and modeling techniques covered in the optional subject. These techniques are used to analyze and evaluate the efficiency, effectiveness, and performance of transportation systems. They help in understanding the current state of the transportation system, identifying potential issues, and developing strategies for improvement. Some of the key techniques covered in this subject are:

1. Travel Demand Modeling:
Travel demand modeling is a technique used to estimate the demand for transportation services. It involves analyzing various factors such as population, land use, economic conditions, and travel patterns to predict the demand for different modes of transportation. This technique helps in understanding the travel behavior of individuals and identifying the factors that influence their mode choice.

2. Traffic Flow Modeling:
Traffic flow modeling is used to study the movement of vehicles on road networks. It involves analyzing the interaction between vehicles, drivers, and the infrastructure to understand the flow of traffic. This technique helps in predicting congestion, evaluating the capacity of road networks, and designing efficient traffic management strategies.

3. Network Analysis:
Network analysis is used to study the connectivity and accessibility of transportation networks. It involves analyzing the relationships between different nodes and links in the network to understand the flow of goods, services, and people. This technique helps in identifying bottlenecks, evaluating the efficiency of the network, and developing strategies for network optimization.

4. Cost-Benefit Analysis:
Cost-benefit analysis is a technique used to evaluate the economic viability of transportation projects. It involves comparing the costs and benefits associated with a project to determine its overall impact. This technique helps in making informed decisions about project investments and prioritizing different transportation projects.

5. Environmental Impact Assessment:
Environmental impact assessment is used to evaluate the environmental consequences of transportation projects. It involves analyzing the potential impacts on air quality, noise pollution, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. This technique helps in identifying mitigation measures and developing sustainable transport solutions.

6. Simulation Modeling:
Simulation modeling is used to replicate real-world transportation systems in a virtual environment. It involves creating mathematical models that simulate the behavior of transportation systems under different scenarios. This technique helps in testing the performance of transportation systems, evaluating the impact of policy changes, and assessing the effectiveness of various strategies.

Overall, these techniques provide valuable insights into the functioning of transportation systems and help in making informed decisions for efficient and sustainable transportation planning and management.