Intensive subsistence farming:
Intensive subsistence farming is a type of farming that involves the cultivation of a small plot of land with the use of high labor and inputs per unit of land. It is mainly practiced in densely populated areas where land is limited, and farmers have to maximize their output to meet their basic needs.

Characteristics of intensive subsistence farming:
1. Small landholding: Farmers practicing intensive subsistence farming have small landholdings, usually less than 2 hectares. The land is divided into multiple plots for the cultivation of various crops.

2. Labor-intensive: Intensive subsistence farming requires a significant amount of labor. Farmers and their families work on the fields manually, using traditional tools like spades and sickles.

3. Multiple cropping: Due to the limited land available, farmers practice multiple cropping, where two or more crops are grown on the same piece of land in a year. This helps in maximizing the output and utilizing the land efficiently.

4. Low use of modern technology: Intensive subsistence farming relies on traditional farming techniques and tools. The use of modern machinery and technology is limited due to the small size of the farms.

5. Subsistence-oriented: The primary objective of intensive subsistence farming is to meet the food and basic needs of the farmer and their family. Surplus produce, if any, is sold in the local market.

Commercial farming in India:
Commercial farming, also known as commercial agriculture, is the production of crops and livestock for sale in the market. It is practiced on a larger scale and aims to generate profit for the farmers.

Characteristics of commercial farming:
1. Large landholding: Commercial farming requires a large area of land for cultivation. Farmers often have several hectares of land dedicated to a single crop.

2. Mechanization: Unlike intensive subsistence farming, commercial farming involves the use of modern machinery and technology. Tractors, harvesters, and irrigation systems are commonly used to increase productivity and efficiency.

3. Monocropping: Commercial farming focuses on the cultivation of a single crop, known as monocropping. This allows farmers to specialize in the production of a particular crop, leading to higher yields and economies of scale.

4. Use of fertilizers and pesticides: Commercial farmers use synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to enhance crop growth and protect them from pests and diseases. This helps in increasing the yield and quality of the produce.

5. Market-oriented: The main objective of commercial farming is to generate profit by selling the produce in the market. Farmers aim to maximize their output and minimize production costs to increase their income.

In conclusion, while intensive subsistence farming is characterized by small landholdings, labor-intensive techniques, and a focus on meeting subsistence needs, commercial farming involves large landholdings, mechanization, monocropping, and a market-oriented approach. Both types of farming have their own significance and are practiced in different parts of India based on the availability of resources and local conditions.