With reference to the period at the end of theeighteenth century, the terms haoladars,gantidars, or mandals were refers toa)a group of officials responsible for lawand order in urban area.b)a group of rich peasants in the villages.c)census officials appointed in Mughalera.d)a group of lathyals positioned byZamindars in villages.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

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With reference to the period at the end of the eighteenth century, the terms haoladars, gantidars, or mandals were refers to

a)
a group of officials responsible for law and order in urban area.
b)
a group of rich peasants in the villages.
c)
census officials appointed in Mughal era.
d)
a group of lathyals positioned by Zamindars in villages.

Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

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With reference to the period at the end of theeighteenth century, the ...

The British conquered Bengal first and then they reordered its rural society and established a regime of land rights and revenue system. The first revenue collection system was introduced in Bengal and Bihar. It was known as the Permanent settlement by Lord Cornwallis.
As per this system, the zamindars and taluqdars were recognised as estate owners and were given revenue collection responsibility. They had to collect land revenue from farmers, pass on the share fixed by British to them and keep the rest. Since the revenue rate were permanent they were kept high. It was argued that as they couldn't be increased the subsequent loss to British had to be overcome initially. The British felt this system would benefit British, Zamindars who would invest in the land to improve its productivity as it would increase their share and farmers too. But the system was a big failure.
The jotedars were rich farmers who cultivated land directly became more powerful under this system. Jotedar was a class of rich peasants who were most powerful in North Bengal. They were known in different areas as haoladars, gantidars, bargadars and mandals. They resisted payment of rent to zamindars as they were happy to see them in trouble. The jotedars also bought most the land auctioned of a defaulting zamindar. Jotedars soon possessed thousand acres of land and became powerful in the rural society. The zamindars couldn't get relief from the judicial process too as it was overburdened. So their influence decreased.
Hence option (b) is the correct answer.

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With reference to the period at the end of theeighteenth century, the terms haoladars,gantidars, or mandals were refers toa)a group of officials responsible for lawand order in urban area.b)a group of rich peasants in the villages.c)census officials appointed in Mughalera.d)a group of lathyals positioned byZamindars in villages.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

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