Saadat Khan - The Founder of the Autonomous Kingdom of Avadh

Introduction:
The autonomous kingdom of Avadh, located in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India, was founded by Saadat Khan, also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, in the early 18th century. Saadat Khan played a crucial role in establishing Avadh as an independent state and served as its first Nawab.

Saadat Khan's Background:
Saadat Khan was a Persian adventurer who came to India during the Mughal period. He initially served as a military commander under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Recognizing his military skills and administrative abilities, Aurangzeb appointed Saadat Khan as the governor of Awadh in 1722.

Establishment of Avadh:
During his governorship, Saadat Khan gradually consolidated his power and expanded his influence over the region. He successfully repelled several Maratha invasions and maintained stability in Awadh. In 1724, Saadat Khan declared himself the independent ruler of Avadh, marking the establishment of the autonomous kingdom.

Relations with the Mughals:
Although Avadh became an autonomous kingdom, Saadat Khan maintained a nominal allegiance to the Mughal Empire. He continued to acknowledge the Mughal Emperor as his suzerain and regularly sent tributes and diplomatic missions to Delhi. This allowed him to maintain a degree of legitimacy and protect his kingdom from external threats.

Administrative Reforms:
Saadat Khan implemented several administrative reforms in Avadh. He streamlined the revenue collection system, improved infrastructure, promoted trade and commerce, and encouraged agricultural development. These measures helped in the economic growth and stability of the kingdom.

Succession and Legacy:
After Saadat Khan's death in 1739, his son Safdar Jang succeeded him as the Nawab of Avadh. Safdar Jang continued his father's policies and further expanded the kingdom's territorial boundaries.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Saadat Khan, also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was the founder of the autonomous kingdom of Avadh. His military prowess, administrative skills, and diplomatic maneuvering allowed him to establish Avadh as an independent state within the Mughal Empire. Saadat Khan's legacy was carried forward by his successors, who further strengthened and developed the kingdom.