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Which of the following sources produce sulphur dioxide emissions?
  1. Smelter ovens
  2. Burning of coal and petroleum
  3. Volcanoes
  4. Phytoplankton
How many of the above options is/are correct?
  • a)
    Only one 
  • b)
    Only two 
  • c)
    Only three 
  • d)
    All four
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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Which of the following sources produce sulphur dioxide emissions? Smel...
Natural sources (volcanoes, fires, phytoplankton) produce sulphur dioxide, but burning sulphur-rich fossil fuels—primarily coal, oil, and petroleum—is the main source of the gas. Smelter ovens, which are used to concentrate metals found in ore, also produce it. 
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Which of the following sources produce sulphur dioxide emissions? Smel...
Smelter ovens:
- Smelter ovens are a significant source of sulphur dioxide emissions. During the smelting process, sulphur-containing ores are heated, leading to the release of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.

Burning of coal and petroleum:
- The combustion of coal and petroleum releases sulphur dioxide as a byproduct. These fossil fuels contain sulphur compounds that are converted into sulphur dioxide when burned.

Volcanoes:
- Volcanic eruptions are a natural source of sulphur dioxide emissions. When volcanoes erupt, they release sulphur dioxide along with other gases and ash into the atmosphere.

Phytoplankton:
- Phytoplankton are microscopic marine organisms that can produce dimethylsulfide (DMS), which can be oxidized to form sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere. However, the contribution of phytoplankton to sulphur dioxide emissions is relatively small compared to other sources.
Therefore, all four sources listed in the question - smelter ovens, burning of coal and petroleum, volcanoes, and phytoplankton - can produce sulphur dioxide emissions. Each of these sources plays a role in the release of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and potential environmental impacts.
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Passage 2It is essential that we mitigate the emissions of greenhouse gases .and thus avoid some of the worst impacts of climate change that would take place in coming years and decades. Mitigation would require a major shift in the way we produce and consume energy. A shift away from overwhelming dependence on fossil fuels is now long overdue, but unfortunately, technological development has been slow arid inadequate largely because government policies have not promoted investments in research and development, myopically as a result of relatively low prices of oil. It is now, therefore, imperative for a country like India treating the opportunity of harnessing renewable energy on a large scale as a national imperative. This country is extremely well endowed with solar, wind and biomass sources of energy. Where we have lagged, unfortunately, is in our ability to develop and to create technological solutions for harnessing these resources.One particular trajectory for carrying out stringent mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions assessed by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) clearly shows the need for ensuring that global emissions of greenhouse gases peak no later than 2015 and reduce rapidly thereafter. The cost associated with such a trajectory is truly modest and would amount, in the estimation of IPCC, to not more than 3 percent of the global GDP in 2030. In other words, the level of prosperity that the world would have reached without mitigation would at worst be postponed by a few months or a year at the most. This is clearly not a very high price to pay for protecting hundreds of millions of people from the worst risks associated with climate change. Any such effort, however, would require lifestyles to change appropriately also. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is not a mere technological fix, and clearly requires changes in lifestyles and transformation of a countrys economic structure, whereby effective reduction in emissions is brought about, such as through the consumption of much lower quantities of animal protein. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has determined that the emissions from the livestock sector amount to 18 percent of the total. The reduction of emissions from this source is entirely in the hands of human beings, who have never questioned the impacts that their dietary habits of consuming more and more animal protein are bringing about. Mitigation overall has huge co-benefits, such as lower air pollution and health benefits, higher energy security and greater employment.Q.According to the passage, which of the following would help in the mitigation of greenhouse gases?1. Reducing the consumption of meat2. Rapid economic liberalization3. Reducing the consumerism4. Modern management practices of livestock

One-way governments can decrease air pollution is to impose a tax on industrial carbon dioxide emissions. A significant decrease is achieved only when all countries will behave cooperatively in imposing carbon tax. There are very strong reasons to believe that cooperation would be difficult to win. If most countries cooperated, then any country that chose not to cooperate would be advantaged: it would have no abatement costs, and the effect on the environment of its defection would be relatively small. Because of this "free rider" effect, cooperation on a scale needed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions might prove elusive. Should countries act unilaterally to curb emissions? If a country were to act unilaterally, the benefits would be spread across the globe, whereas the costs would fall solely on the country taking the action. The action would reduce emissions globally, and the effect of this would be to reduce the benefit other countries would receive if they reduced emissions. As a consequence, other countries would have less incentive to reduce emissions and would probably emit more carbon dioxide than they would have if the unilateral action had not been taken. The entire effect of the emission reduction may not be lost, but it would surely be diminished by this free-riding behaviour.Q. Which one of the following is most parallel to the "free rider” effect mentioned in passage?

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Which of the following sources produce sulphur dioxide emissions? Smelter ovens Burning of coal and petroleum Volcanoes PhytoplanktonHow many of the above options is/are correct?a)Only oneb)Only twoc)Only threed)All fourCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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