Materials used in the preparation of substances:

Soap:
- Soap is usually made from fats or oils combined with a strong alkali.
- Common materials used in soap making include coconut oil, olive oil, palm oil, and sodium hydroxide.

Glass:
- Glass is primarily made from silica, soda ash, and limestone.
- Silica provides the main component of glass, soda ash acts as a flux to lower the melting point of silica, and limestone stabilizes the mixture.

Ink:
- Ink can be made from various materials depending on its type, but common ingredients include dyes, pigments, solvents, and resins.
- Dyes and pigments provide color, solvents help the ink flow, and resins bind the ink together.

Cement:
- Cement is made from a mixture of limestone, clay, silica, and iron ore.
- These materials are heated in a kiln to form a clinker, which is then ground into a fine powder to make cement.

Paint:
- Paint consists of pigments, binders, solvents, and additives.
- Pigments provide color, binders hold the pigment together, solvents help the paint spread, and additives improve properties like durability and texture.

Safety Matches:
- Safety matches are made from a mixture of potassium chlorate, sulfur, and an inert filler like powdered glass.
- The match head also contains red phosphorus, which ignites when rubbed against a rough surface.

Gunpowder:
- Gunpowder is traditionally made from a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur.
- The potassium nitrate provides the oxidizer, charcoal acts as the fuel, and sulfur helps the mixture burn more steadily.