1. Population Growth
India's population has surged to over 1.4 billion, leading to increased demand for water. With more people to support, the pressure on existing water resources intensifies.

2. Climate Change
Shifts in climate patterns result in irregular rainfall, prolonged droughts, and increased temperatures. These changes disrupt traditional water sources and impact agriculture, leading to water shortages.

3. Over-extraction of Water Resources
Groundwater is being extracted at an alarming rate, far exceeding the natural replenishment. This unsustainable practice leads to depletion of aquifers, affecting both drinking water supply and agriculture.

4. Pollution of Water Sources
Industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage contaminate rivers and lakes, reducing the availability of clean water. Polluted water sources are detrimental not only to human health but also to ecosystems, further exacerbating water scarcity.