What is an Earthquake?
An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's surface. This geological phenomenon can lead to significant destruction, depending on its magnitude and depth.

Causes of Earthquakes
- Tectonic Plate Movement: Most earthquakes occur due to the shifting of tectonic plates. These plates can collide, pull apart, or slide against each other.
- Volcanic Activity: Earthquakes can also result from volcanic eruptions, where magma movement creates pressure and leads to ground shaking.
- Human Activities: Activities such as mining, reservoir-induced seismicity from large dams, and geothermal energy extraction can induce earthquakes.

Measurement of Earthquakes
- Richter Scale: Measures the amplitude of seismic waves to quantify the earthquake's magnitude.
- Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw): A more modern scale that provides a better estimate for larger earthquakes.

Effects of Earthquakes
- Ground Shaking: The primary effect, causing buildings and structures to collapse.
- Surface Rupture: The ground may crack or shift at the surface along fault lines.
- Tsunamis: Underwater earthquakes can generate tsunamis, leading to widespread coastal destruction.
- Aftershocks: Smaller quakes that follow the main event can cause additional damage.

Preparedness and Safety
- Building Codes: Structures should be designed to withstand seismic forces.
- Emergency Plans: Individuals and communities should have plans in place for earthquake scenarios.
- Education: Public awareness about earthquake safety measures can significantly reduce injuries and fatalities.