Introduction
The demand for indigo in the late 19th century significantly increased due to various economic and social factors impacting rural India. This cash crop was primarily cultivated in response to the growing needs of the European textile industry.

Growing Textile Industry
- **European Demand**: The burgeoning textile industry in Europe required large quantities of indigo dye, which was favored for its vibrant color and durability.
- **Synthetic Alternatives**: Prior to the invention of synthetic dyes, natural indigo was the primary source for blue dye in textiles, leading to an increase in its demand.

Economic Factors
- **High Profits**: Indigo cultivation presented an opportunity for farmers to earn higher profits compared to traditional crops such as rice or wheat.
- **Colonial Policies**: British colonial policies encouraged indigo farming through incentives, leading to an expansion of its cultivation in regions like Bengal.

Social Impact
- **Peasant Exploitation**: The demand for indigo also led to the exploitation of peasants, who were often forced into contracts with indigo planters, leading to debt and social unrest.
- **Resistance Movements**: The oppressive conditions faced by farmers ultimately resulted in movements like the Indigo Revolt of 1859, highlighting the socio-economic challenges they faced.

Conclusion
The rising demand for indigo in the countryside was a complex interplay of economic opportunities, colonial exploitation, and social struggles, significantly shaping the agrarian landscape in India during the period. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for grasping the broader implications of colonial agriculture on rural societies.