Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings
- Definition of Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass.
- States of Matter: Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma; characterized by particle arrangement and energy levels.
- Properties: Discusses physical and chemical properties, changes, and the importance of temperature and pressure.
Chapter 2: Is Matter Around Us Pure?
- Pure Substances vs Mixtures: Pure substances have uniform composition; mixtures consist of two or more substances.
- Types of Mixtures: Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures are explained with examples.
- Separation Techniques: Techniques like filtration, crystallization, and distillation are discussed for separating components.
Chapter 3: Atoms and Molecules
- Atomic Theory: Introduction to atoms as the building blocks of matter.
- Molecules: Definition and types, including diatomic and polyatomic molecules.
- Chemical Formulae: Understanding how to represent compounds using symbols and formulas.
Chapter 8: Motion
- Definition of Motion: Change in position of an object over time.
- Types of Motion: Linear, rotational, periodic, and translational motions are defined.
- Graphical Representation: How to graph distance-time and velocity-time graphs for better understanding.
Chapter 9: Force and Laws of Motion
- Definition of Force: An interaction that changes the motion of an object.
- Newton’s Laws: Three laws of motion explained, including examples of each.
- Applications: Real-world applications of these laws in daily life and technology.
Chapter 10: Gravitation
- Universal Law of Gravitation: Every mass attracts every other mass; the strength of attraction depends on mass and distance.
- Gravitational Force: Discussion on weight, mass, and the difference between them.
- Importance in Daily Life: Understanding gravity’s role in satellite motion, tides, and everyday phenomena.
These chapters lay the foundation for understanding fundamental scientific concepts critical for UPSC preparation.