What materials did the Harappans use to make their tools and ornaments...
Materials Used by the Harappans
The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished around 2500 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. They were highly advanced in metallurgy and utilized various materials to craft tools and ornaments.
1. Copper and Bronze
- The Harappans primarily used copper and bronze for making their tools and ornaments.
- Copper was easily extracted from ores and was the first metal used by the Harappans.
- Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was particularly significant as it offered greater strength and durability, enhancing the quality of tools and weapons.
2. Tool Production
- The civilization produced various tools, including axes, chisels, and sickles, which were essential for agriculture and construction.
- The techniques of casting and forging allowed for intricate designs and improved efficiency in tool-making.
3. Ornament Making
- Harappan artisans created beautiful ornaments using copper and bronze, including necklaces, bangles, and earrings.
- They often adorned these pieces with semi-precious stones, shells, and beads, highlighting their artistic skills and trade networks.
4. Conclusion
- The extensive use of copper and bronze in the Harappan civilization reflects their advanced metallurgical knowledge and artistry.
- This mastery of materials not only facilitated daily life but also contributed to their economic prosperity through trade.
In summary, option 'B' correctly identifies copper and bronze as the primary materials used by the Harappans for tools and ornaments, showcasing their ingenuity in metallurgy.