Case Study 1: Communal Riots in Gujarat (2002)
- Background: The Gujarat riots erupted after the Godhra train burning incident, which killed 59 Hindu pilgrims.
- Causes:
- Historical Tensions: Long-standing Hindu-Muslim rivalries exacerbated by political narratives.
- Political Manipulation: Leaders used the incident to polarize communities for electoral gains.
- Socio-Economic Disparities: Unequal access to resources led to resentment among communities.
 
Case Study 2: Caste-Related Violence in Bihar
- Background: The 1992 Bhagalpur riots were marked by violent clashes between the upper caste and lower caste communities.
- Causes:
- Caste Hierarchy: Deep-rooted caste system and discrimination against lower castes fueled resentment.
- Political Rivalries: Political leaders exploited caste identities for power, leading to violent confrontations.
- Land Disputes: Inequitable land distribution often triggered conflicts between different caste groups.
 
Case Study 3: Farmer Protests (2020-2021)
- Background: Protests erupted against three farm laws perceived to favor large corporations, leading to widespread unrest among farmers, primarily in Punjab and Haryana.
- Causes:
- Economic Insecurity: Farmers feared loss of livelihood and control over their produce prices.
- Lack of Dialogue: Insufficient engagement from the government led to mistrust and escalation of protests.
- Historical Grievances: Previous struggles against agricultural policies contributed to the farmers' resolve to resist.
 
Conclusion
These examples illustrate how historical, social, and political factors intertwine to create conflict within Indian society. Understanding these causes is essential for addressing and mitigating future tensions.