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Change in shape of plant cells in response to a stimulus:

When plants encounter a stimulus in their environment, such as light, gravity, touch, or chemicals, they have the ability to respond and adapt. One of the ways plants respond to a stimulus is by changing the shape of their cells. This response is primarily driven by a change in the amount of water in the cells.

Explanation:

1. Turgor Pressure:
Plant cells have a rigid cell wall that surrounds their plasma membrane. Inside the cell, there is a central vacuole that stores water and other substances. When the plant takes in water, the vacuole expands, exerting pressure on the cell wall. This pressure is called turgor pressure and it helps maintain the shape and rigidity of the plant cell.

2. Osmosis:
When a plant cell is exposed to a stimulus, such as light or touch, it triggers a series of chemical reactions within the cell. These reactions can lead to changes in the cell's permeability, allowing water to enter or exit the cell. This movement of water is driven by a process called osmosis.

3. Water Movement:
When a plant cell is exposed to a stimulus, it may release certain chemicals or ions that cause water to flow into or out of the cell. If the stimulus causes an increase in water uptake, the vacuole expands and exerts more turgor pressure on the cell wall, leading to a change in cell shape. On the other hand, if the stimulus causes water to leave the cell, the vacuole shrinks and the turgor pressure decreases, resulting in a change in cell shape.

4. Cellular Responses:
The change in cell shape can have various effects on the plant. For example, in response to light, plant cells can elongate or bend towards the light source, a phenomenon known as phototropism. This allows plants to optimize their exposure to sunlight for photosynthesis. Similarly, in response to touch or gravity, plant cells can change their shape to support the plant's growth and orientation.

In conclusion, the change in shape of plant cells in response to a stimulus is primarily driven by a change in the amount of water in the cells. This change is regulated by osmosis and the resulting turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole. These cellular responses enable plants to adapt and optimize their growth and survival in their environment.