The term "realism" in the context of European art refers to a movement that emerged in the mid-19th century. It was a reaction against the prevailing romantic and idealized forms of art, which often depicted fantastical or exaggerated subjects. Realism aimed to represent the world as it truly appeared, with a focus on everyday life, ordinary people, and contemporary social issues.

The correct answer to the question is option 'D': The artwork was expected to look real and lifelike. This answer captures the essence of realism in art. Let's explore this answer in more detail:

Realism in Art
- Realism in art aimed to depict subjects as they were seen in reality, without idealization or embellishment.
- Artists sought to capture the ordinary and mundane aspects of life, often focusing on scenes of working-class people, rural landscapes, and urban environments.
- Realist artists sought to represent the truth of the human experience, portraying the struggles, joys, and realities of everyday life.
- The emphasis was on depicting subjects with accuracy, attention to detail, and a naturalistic style.

Characteristics of Realism
- Realist artists paid close attention to capturing the physical appearance of their subjects.
- The use of light, shadow, and perspective was crucial in creating a sense of depth and realism in the artwork.
- Realist paintings often featured meticulous detail, with careful attention given to textures, facial expressions, and body language.
- Artists used techniques such as chiaroscuro (contrasts of light and dark) and trompe-l'oeil (illusionistic effects) to create a sense of realism.
- Realist art often had a narrative quality, telling stories or conveying social messages through visual imagery.

Impact of Realism
- The advent of realism in art had a profound impact on the art world and society at large.
- It challenged the traditional notions of what constituted "high art" and expanded the subject matter considered worthy of artistic representation.
- Realism paved the way for later art movements such as impressionism and expressionism, which further pushed the boundaries of artistic representation.
- Realist artworks became a powerful tool for social commentary, addressing issues such as poverty, inequality, and the working conditions of the time.
- The movement also influenced literature, theater, and other forms of artistic expression.

Conclusion
In summary, realism in art emerged as a reaction against romantic and idealized forms of art. Realist artists sought to depict the world as it truly appeared, with a focus on everyday life and ordinary people. The artwork was expected to look real and lifelike, with attention to detail, accuracy, and a naturalistic style. Realism had a profound impact on the art world and society, challenging traditional notions of art and expanding the subjects considered worthy of artistic representation.