What will happen if (A) Peristalic movement do not occur all along the esophagus ?

If peristaltic movements do not occur all along the esophagus, it would lead to several consequences and difficulties in the process of swallowing and digestion. Peristalsis refers to the coordinated muscular contractions that propel food from the mouth to the stomach. These contractions occur rhythmically and push the food bolus through the esophagus. Here are the potential effects of the absence of peristaltic movements:

1. Impaired swallowing: Peristaltic movements are responsible for moving the food from the mouth to the stomach. Without peristalsis, the movement of food through the esophagus would be compromised, making it difficult to swallow properly.

2. Persistent regurgitation: Without peristalsis, the food bolus would have difficulty reaching the stomach and might flow back up into the mouth, causing regurgitation. This can lead to discomfort, acid reflux, and potential damage to the esophagus due to exposure to stomach acids.

3. Delayed digestion: Peristaltic movements play a crucial role in pushing the food down towards the stomach, where further digestion takes place. Without these movements, the food would remain in the esophagus for an extended period, leading to delayed digestion.

4. Malnourishment: If the food is not properly transported to the stomach, the absorption of nutrients would be compromised. Over time, this can result in malnourishment and deficiencies in essential vitamins, minerals, and energy.

5. Esophageal dilation: In the absence of peristalsis, the esophagus may become dilated due to the accumulation of food and liquid. This can cause stretching of the esophageal walls, leading to a condition known as megaesophagus. Megaesophagus can further impair the ability to swallow and digest food properly.

What will happen if (B) There is no platelets in blood ?

Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small cell fragments in the blood that play a vital role in blood clotting and the prevention of excessive bleeding. If there were no platelets in the blood, it would have significant consequences for the body's ability to control bleeding and maintain hemostasis. Here are the potential effects of the absence of platelets:

1. Impaired blood clotting: Platelets are crucial for the formation of blood clots. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets aggregate at the site to form a plug, preventing further bleeding. Without platelets, the ability to form clots would be severely impaired, leading to prolonged bleeding even from minor injuries.

2. Increased risk of hemorrhage: Without platelets, the body would be unable to effectively stop bleeding, increasing the risk of hemorrhage. Even small cuts or bruises could result in excessive bleeding, which may be life-threatening in certain situations.

3. Difficulty in wound healing: Platelets release various growth factors and cytokines that promote wound healing. Without platelets, the wound healing process would be significantly compromised, leading to delayed or impaired healing of injuries.

4. Spontaneous bleeding: In the