Define parthenocarpy and Bolting?

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Parthenocarpy

In botany and horticulture, parthenocarpy (literally meaning 'virgin fruit') is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilization of ovules, which makes the fruit seedless. Stenospermocarpy may also produce apparently seedless fruit, but the seeds are actually aborted while they are still small. Parthenocarpy (or stenospermocarpy) occasionally occurs as a mutation in nature; if it affects every flower the plant can no longer sexually reproduce but might be able to propagate by apomixis or by vegetative means.

However, parthenocarpy of some fruits on a plant may be of value. Up to 20% of the fruits of wild parsnip are parthenocarpic. The seedless wild parsnip fruit are preferred by certain herbivores and so serve as a 'decoy defense' against seed predation.Utah juniper has a similar defense against bird feeding.The ability to produce seedless fruit when pollination is unsuccessful may be an advantage to a plant because it provides food for the plant's seed dispersers. Without a fruit crop, the seed dispersing animals may starve or migrate.

Bolting

In horticulture, bolting refers to the premature production of flowering stems, especially on horticultural and agricultural crops. A natural attempt to boost seed production, bolting affects different types of plants including onions, celery, spinach, brassicas, beetroot, basil, and lettuce.

During bolting, most of a plant's resources are diverted, which affects the overall harvest quality.

Bolting also affects parts of the plant that are normally considered edible, such as the roots or leaves.

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