Revision Notes - Human Memory, Class 11, Psychology

Introduction:
Human memory refers to the cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives, allowing us to learn, remember, and make use of past experiences and knowledge. Understanding human memory is essential in the field of psychology as it helps explain various aspects of human behavior and cognition.

Types of Memory:
1. Sensory Memory: It is the initial stage of memory where sensory information from the environment is briefly registered. It has a large capacity but a short duration.

2. Short-Term Memory (STM): Also known as working memory, STM temporarily holds information that is actively being processed. It has a limited capacity of about 7 ± 2 items and a duration of around 20 seconds.

3. Long-Term Memory (LTM): LTM is the stage where information is stored for a longer duration, ranging from minutes to a lifetime. It has an unlimited capacity and includes both explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) memories.

Processes of Memory:
1. Encoding: The process of transforming sensory information into a form that can be stored and later retrieved. It involves attention, perception, and interpretation of the information.

2. Storage: The process of maintaining encoded information over time. It involves the consolidation of memories into various storage systems in the brain.

3. Retrieval: The process of accessing and recalling stored information when needed. Retrieval cues, such as context or associations, help in triggering the retrieval of specific memories.

Factors Affecting Memory:
1. Attention: Paying attention to information enhances its encoding and subsequent retrieval. Lack of attention can lead to poor memory formation.

2. Emotion: Emotionally significant events are often remembered more vividly than neutral events. Emotional arousal can influence the encoding and consolidation of memories.

3. Rehearsal: Repeatedly reviewing or practicing information improves its retention in memory. Elaborative rehearsal, which involves making meaningful associations, is particularly effective.

Memory Disorders:
1. Amnesia: Amnesia is a condition characterized by partial or complete loss of memory. It can be caused by brain injuries, diseases, or psychological factors.

2. Alzheimer's Disease: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common form of dementia.

3. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It often involves intrusive memories, flashbacks, and avoidance behaviors.

Conclusion:
Understanding human memory is crucial for comprehending human cognition and behavior. It involves various stages, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Factors such as attention, emotion, and rehearsal influence memory processes. Memory disorders, such as amnesia and Alzheimer's disease, can severely impact an individual's ability to remember and function.