Unique Features of Indian Federalism

1. Dual Polity:
Indian federalism is characterized by a dual polity, where power is divided between the central government and the state governments. Both levels of government have their own separate spheres of authority and are independent of each other in their legislative, executive, and financial domains.

2. Written Constitution:
The Indian federal system is based on a written constitution that clearly defines the powers and functions of both the central and state governments. The Constitution of India establishes the framework for federalism and provides for the division of powers between the center and the states.

3. Division of Powers:
The Indian federal system follows a rigid division of powers between the central and state governments. The Constitution explicitly lists the subjects on which each level of government can legislate. The Union List includes subjects of national importance, the State List includes subjects of local or regional importance, and the Concurrent List includes subjects on which both levels of government can legislate.

4. Independent Judiciary:
The Indian federal system is supported by an independent judiciary that acts as the guardian of the Constitution. The judiciary has the power to interpret the Constitution and resolve disputes between the central and state governments. It ensures that neither level of government encroaches upon the powers of the other.

5. Single Citizenship:
Unlike some federal systems, India follows the principle of single citizenship. All citizens of India enjoy the same rights and privileges irrespective of their state of residence. The central government is responsible for granting and protecting the rights of Indian citizens.

6. Asymmetrical Federalism:
Indian federalism is characterized by asymmetry, where not all states have equal powers and status. Some states have special provisions and privileges granted to them due to historical, cultural, or geographical reasons. For example, Jammu and Kashmir had special autonomous status until its reorganization in 2019.

7. Emergency Provisions:
The Indian federal system provides for emergency provisions that allow the central government to temporarily assume greater control over the states in times of crisis. During emergencies, the central government can take over the administration of a state and exercise its powers.

8. Cooperative Federalism:
Indian federalism emphasizes cooperative federalism, where the central and state governments work together to address common issues and promote national development. Through various intergovernmental institutions and mechanisms, both levels of government collaborate and coordinate their policies and actions.

Overall, the unique features of Indian federalism include its dual polity, written constitution, division of powers, independent judiciary, single citizenship, asymmetrical federalism, emergency provisions, and cooperative federalism. These features contribute to the functioning and stability of the Indian federal system.