1) large blocks of apartments were build 2) rent control was introduced in Britain during the first world war to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage . 3) underground railway was built in 1863 which enable a large number of people to live outside central London . 4) Between the two world wars ( 1919 - 39) the responsibility for housing the working classes
was accepted by the British state , and a million houses , most of them single family cottages , were built by local authorities.

Steps taken to clean London in the 19th century:

In the 19th century, London faced numerous challenges related to public health and cleanliness. The rapid urbanization and industrialization of the city led to overcrowding, unsanitary living conditions, and increased pollution. To address these issues, several steps were taken to clean London during this period:

1. Development of Sewer Systems:
- The construction of a comprehensive sewer system was a crucial step in improving sanitation in London.
- In 1858, the Great Stink, caused by the overwhelming odor of untreated waste in the River Thames, prompted the government to take action.
- Sir Joseph Bazalgette was appointed as the chief engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Works and designed an extensive network of sewers to carry waste away from the city.

2. Paving and Street Cleaning:
- The streets of London were paved with better materials, such as wood, granite, or asphalt, to improve cleanliness and reduce dust.
- Street cleaning became a regular practice, where sweepers were employed to keep the roads clean and free from debris.
- The Metropolitan Board of Works introduced horse-drawn carts equipped with brooms and shovels to collect and remove rubbish from the streets.

3. Improvement of Housing Conditions:
- The government implemented various regulations and acts to improve the living conditions of the poor.
- The Public Health Act of 1848 empowered local authorities to enforce sanitary standards in housing, leading to the demolition of slums and the construction of better housing for the working class.
- The construction of model dwellings, such as those by philanthropist George Peabody, provided affordable and improved housing for the poor.

4. Creation of Public Parks:
- The creation of public parks and green spaces aimed to counterbalance the industrial pollution and provide areas for recreation and leisure.
- Parks like Hyde Park, Regent's Park, and Victoria Park were established in the 19th century, offering Londoners a respite from the congested city.

5. Regulation of Industries:
- Efforts were made to regulate and control the industries contributing to pollution in London.
- Acts were passed to limit air pollution from factories and regulate the disposal of waste materials.
- The Alkali Act of 1863 restricted emissions from alkali works, reducing the release of harmful gases into the atmosphere.

6. Public Health Education:
- Public health campaigns were launched to educate Londoners about hygiene and sanitation.
- Organizations like the Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrial Classes disseminated information on cleanliness, waste disposal, and personal hygiene.

Overall, the steps taken to clean London in the 19th century involved the development of sewer systems, improvement of housing conditions, street cleaning, creation of public parks, regulation of industries, and public health education. These initiatives aimed to address the challenges posed by rapid urbanization and improve the overall cleanliness and sanitation of the city.