What is dihybrid and monohybrid cross ?

Question

Answer

Monohybrid- in monohybrid only one character is taken to form new plants like one tall and one dwarf.

dihybrid- in dihybrid two characters are taken to form new plants like shape and color.

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Dihybrid cross:-it is a cross which is made to study the inheritance of two pairs of genes or two characters. Monohybrid cross:-it is a cross which is made to study inheritance of a single pair of genes or factors of a character.

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Answer

**Dihybrid and Monohybrid Cross: Explained in Detail**

**Introduction**
Dihybrid and monohybrid crosses are two types of genetic crosses used to study the inheritance of traits in offspring. These crosses involve the mating of individuals with different alleles for one or more genes. By analyzing the resulting offspring, scientists can understand how traits are passed on from parents to their offspring, providing insights into patterns of inheritance.

**Monohybrid Cross**
A monohybrid cross involves the mating of two individuals that are heterozygous for a single gene. This means that each parent carries two different alleles for the gene being studied. For example, if we are studying the inheritance of flower color in pea plants, where purple (P) is dominant and white (p) is recessive, a monohybrid cross would involve crossing a plant with the genotype Pp with another plant also having the genotype Pp.

**Punnett Square Method**
To predict the possible outcomes of a monohybrid cross, a Punnett square is commonly used. It is a grid-like diagram that allows us to visualize the combination of alleles from each parent. In the case of the Pp x Pp monohybrid cross, the Punnett square would have four boxes representing the four possible combinations of alleles: PP, Pp, pP, and pp. These combinations represent the genotypes of the offspring.

**Phenotypic and Genotypic Ratios**
From the Punnett square, we can determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring. In this example, the genotypic ratio would be 1:2:1, meaning that there is a 25% chance of obtaining a PP genotype, a 50% chance of obtaining a Pp genotype, and a 25% chance of obtaining a pp genotype. The phenotypic ratio would be 3:1, indicating that there is a 75% chance of obtaining purple flowers and a 25% chance of obtaining white flowers.

**Dihybrid Cross**
A dihybrid cross, on the other hand, involves the mating of two individuals that are heterozygous for two different genes. This means that each parent carries two different alleles for each of the two genes being studied. For example, if we are studying the inheritance of seed shape (round, R or wrinkled, r) and seed color (yellow, Y or green, y) in pea plants, a dihybrid cross would involve crossing a plant with the genotype RrYy with another plant also having the genotype RrYy.

**Punnett Square Method for Dihybrid Cross**
To predict the possible outcomes of a dihybrid cross, a modified Punnett square is used. In this case, the Punnett square will have 16 boxes representing the possible combinations of alleles from both parents. Each box will display the genotype of the offspring.

**Phenotypic and Genotypic Ratios for Dihybrid Cross**
From the Punnett square, we can determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring. In the example of the RrYy x RrYy dihybrid cross, the genotypic ratio would be 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1, representing the nine possible combinations of genotypes. The phenotypic ratio would be 9:3:3

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