The menstrual cycle is the monthly series of changes a woman's body goes through in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy. Each month, one of the ovaries releases an egg — a process called ovulation. At the same time, hormonal changes prepare the uterus for pregnancy. If ovulation takes place and the egg isn't fertilized, the lining of the uterus sheds through the vagina. This is a menstrual period.
Common causes of heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding include:
Adolescence (during which cycles may not be associated with ovulation)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (bleeding irregular but heavy)
Uterine fibroids (benign growths of uterine muscle)
Endometrial polyps (benign overgrowth of the lining of the uterus)
Adenomyosis (the presence of uterine lining in the wall of the uterus)
Nonhormonal IUDs
Bleeding disorders, such as leukemia, platelet disorders, clotting factor deficiencies, or (less common) von Willebrand disease
Pregnancy complications (miscarriage)