Tatpurush Samas and Its Types
Tatpurush Samas is a type of compound word in Sanskrit grammar where the first word defines the second word. In this type of Samas, the first word is in the Shastriya (genitive) case and the second word is in the Karmadharaya (accusative) case.
Examples of Tatpurush Samas
- गजेन्द्रः (gajendraḥ) - Gajendra (elephant king)
- राजधानी (rājadhānī) - Capital city
- देवगुरुः (devaguruḥ) - Divine teacher
- धनुर्धरः (dhanurdharaḥ) - Bow-bearing
Types of Tatpurush Samas
Tatpurush Samas is further divided into four types based on the relationship between the two words:
Avyayibhava (Adverbial) Tatpurush Samas
In this type of Samas, the first word is an adverb or a particle that defines the second word. For example:
- हरिश्चन्द्रः (hariścandraḥ) - Hari and Chandrā (moon) - Hari who is like the moon
- अश्वशूरः (aśvaśūraḥ) - Horse and Demon - A demon-like horse
Karmadhara (Object) Tatpurush Samas
In this type of Samas, the first word is a noun that acts as the object of the second word. For example:
- वनवासः (vanavāsaḥ) - Forest and Residence - Residence in the forest
- मोक्षद्वारः (mokṣadvāraḥ) - Liberation and Door - Door to liberation
Dvandva (Coordination) Tatpurush Samas
In this type of Samas, both words are equal and together they define a third entity. For example:
- रामलक्ष्मणौ (rāmalakṣmaṇau) - Rama and Lakshmana - Rama and Lakshmana together
- देवदानवाः (devadānavāḥ) - Gods and Demons - Gods and demons together
Bahuvrihi (Adjective) Tatpurush Samas
In this type of Samas, the first word is an adjective