UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 12th December 2024 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/Polity

Impeachment of High Court Judge

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The Opposition is actively pursuing an impeachment motion against Allahabad High Court judge Shekhar Kumar Yadav due to his controversial remarks made at a recent Vishwa Hindu Parishad event.

• No High Court judge has been impeached in India to date.
• The impeachment process involves complex constitutional provisions aimed at safeguarding judicial independence.

Additional Details

• Constitutional Provisions: Articles 217 and 218 outline the appointment, conditions of service, and impeachment procedures for High Court judges.
• Grounds for Removal: Judges can be impeached for proved misbehavior or incapacity.
• Procedure for Impeachment:
  • Initiation requires signatures from at least 100 members in the Lok Sabha or 50 in the Rajya Sabha.
  • An inquiry committee is formed to investigate the charges, consisting of a Supreme Court judge, a Chief Justice from a High Court, and an eminent jurist.
  • If the committee finds the judge guilty, both Houses of Parliament must approve the motion with a two-thirds majority of members present and voting.
  • Upon approval, the President issues the removal order.
• Important Points: The impeachment process is intentionally rigorous to protect judicial independence.
• Significant Cases:
  • Justice Soumitra Sen of the Calcutta High Court resigned before impeachment proceedings concluded.
  • Justice V. Ramaswami of the Supreme Court faced impeachment, but the motion was defeated in the Lok Sabha.

This ongoing situation highlights the complexities surrounding the judicial system in India and the significance of maintaining a balance between accountability and independence within the judiciary.

GS1/Geography

Caspian Sea

Source: Financial Times

Why in News?

Kazakhstan's state-owned energy company has recently announced the successful decontamination of Soviet-era oil waste from the shores of the Caspian Sea. This initiative is part of a broader effort in Central Asia to address environmental issues stemming from toxic waste, particularly in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, where significant quantities of radioactive waste are stored.

• The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water in the world.
• It is bordered by five countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Azerbaijan.

Additional Details

• Geographical Features: The Caspian Sea has a unique salinity level, which is lower than that of seawater but higher than freshwater.
• Important Rivers: The Volga, Ural, and Kura rivers all flow into the Caspian Sea, contributing to its water levels and ecological balance.
• Economic Importance: The sea is rich in oil and natural gas resources, playing a crucial role in the economies of the surrounding countries.
• Fishing Industry: It is renowned for its sturgeon and caviar production, which are significant to the region's economic activities.
• Environmental Significance: The Caspian Sea is home to unique species, including the endangered Caspian seal, but faces threats from pollution and climate change.

Efforts to clean up the Caspian Sea and manage its resources sustainably are vital for protecting both the environment and the livelihoods of people in the region.

GS1/History & Culture

Vaikom - Two States, Two Leaders and a Tale of Reform

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The Vaikom Struggle, which took place over a century ago, was pivotal in breaking caste barriers in Travancore. It ignited mass movements for religious reform, inspired the Dravidian Movement led by Periyar, and advanced egalitarian principles within Hindu society.

• The Vaikom Satyagraha was primarily motivated by the desire to challenge caste-based discrimination that restricted access for backward castes near the Vaikom Mahadeva temple.
• It marked a significant social reform by lifting restrictions on backward castes in 1925 and inspired subsequent temple entry movements across India.
• The movement demonstrated the effectiveness of collective action and nonviolent protest, showcasing the leadership of figures like Periyar E.V. Ramasamy and Mahatma Gandhi.

Additional Details

• Motivations:
  • Social Inequality: Aimed to confront caste discrimination and demand equal rights for all castes within Hinduism.
  • Religious Reform: Sought to highlight the need for social justice through reforms and access to temple entry.
  • Political Awareness: Aimed to mobilize political attention towards caste discrimination and support broader social changes.
• Outcomes:
  • The movement lifted restrictions on temple access for backward castes, marking a milestone in social reform.
  • It led to mass mobilization across caste and class lines, setting a precedent for future movements.
  • Influenced legislative reforms, including the Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act of 1947.
• Leadership Influence:
  • Key leaders like Periyar and Gandhi mobilized diverse social strata through nonviolent methods, broadening the movement's appeal.
  • Local leaders T.K. Madhavan and K.P. Kesava Menon played crucial roles in sustaining momentum against state repression.
• Lessons for Contemporary Society:
  • Collective action is vital in challenging systemic injustices; unity across diverse groups is essential.
  • Nonviolent protest remains a powerful tool for addressing discrimination and inequality.
  • Government intervention can be necessary to dismantle entrenched social hierarchies.
  • The resistance faced by reformers highlights the need for sustained advocacy for equality and justice.

The Vaikom Satyagraha was a landmark movement for caste and social justice, demonstrating the power of collective action, nonviolence, and the impact of reformist leadership. Its legacy continues to inspire ongoing efforts toward equality, challenging entrenched discrimination, and fostering inclusive societies.

GS3/Environment

Climate Impact of Exploring Space

Source: World Economic Forum

Why in News?

The increasing reliance on space technology for essential functions, such as climate monitoring, highlights the urgent need to address the environmental impacts of space activities. The rapid rise in the number of satellites in orbit raises significant concerns about interference with climate monitoring systems and the growing issue of orbital debris.

• The environmental consequences of space exploration are becoming more pressing as satellite usage increases.
• Current space activities are not adequately covered by international sustainability frameworks like the Paris Agreement.

Additional Details

• Climate Change:Space activities contribute to global warming through various emissions:
  • Rocket emissions, including CO2, black carbon, and water vapor, significantly impact the atmosphere.
  • Chlorine-based propellants are known to deplete the ozone layer.
  • Satellite re-entries can release metallic ash, which may alter atmospheric conditions.
  • Energy-intensive processes involved in satellite production and resource extraction add to carbon footprints.
• Orbital Debris:The increase in satellites leads to several risks and complications:
  • Proliferation of debris poses collision risks to operational satellites.
  • Debris can disrupt scientific observations and communication systems.
  • The presence of debris raises costs and complicates space missions.
  • Human-crewed missions are also under threat from orbital debris.
• Challenges to Space Sustainability:There are significant barriers to sustainable practices in space:
  • Lack of International Regulation: There are no specific global regulations to address space debris and its environmental impacts.
  • Technological Limitations:
    • Reusable rockets have constraints on payload capacity and fuel efficiency.
    • Alternative fuels like hydrogen and biofuels face production and storage challenges.
    • Biodegradable materials for satellites may not withstand harsh space conditions.
    • Technologies for autonomous debris removal are costly and require clear legal frameworks.
  • International Cooperation: Collaborative data sharing is often impeded by security and commercial interests among nations.

To ensure the future sustainability of space exploration, it is crucial to foster international collaboration through organizations such as the Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS). This involves establishing enforceable standards for emissions, debris mitigation, and data-sharing practices. Additionally, investing in cleaner technologies and implementing strict regulations, alongside encouraging public-private partnerships, can significantly contribute to the advancement of sustainable space practices.

GS1/Indian Society

Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras by PACS

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Government of India has authorized Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) to manage Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras (PMBJK). This initiative aims to make generic medicines more accessible and affordable in underserved rural areas.

• PACs are now empowered to operate PMBJKs, enhancing healthcare access in rural regions.
• The initiative is part of the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP).

Additional Details

• Establishment: PMBJKs were launched in November 2008 to provide quality generic medicines at lower prices.
• Support Structure: The program is administered by the Department of Pharmaceuticals under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, with the Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) acting as the implementation agency.
• PACS can utilize their existing facilities such as land and buildings to operate these Kendras effectively.
• PACS receive technical and administrative support from the Department of Pharmaceuticals.
• Incentives include a 20% incentive on monthly purchases, capped at Rs. 20,000, and a 20% margin on the MRP of medicines sold, excluding taxes.

The establishment of PMBJKs by PACS not only aims to provide affordable healthcare solutions but also strives to generate local employment and ensure financial sustainability for the PACS through the sale of medicines and related products.

GS3/Science and Technology

What is Willow Chip?

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

Recently, Google introduced a groundbreaking development in quantum computing with the unveiling of its next-generation chip named 'Willow'.

• Willow is a state-of-the-art quantum computing chip developed by Google.
• The chip incorporates advanced components, including single and two-qubit gates, qubit reset, and readout capabilities.
• Willow solved a complex mathematical problem in just five minutes, a task that would take traditional computers longer than the age of the universe.
• It can perform standard benchmark computations in under five minutes, a task that would require one of the fastest supercomputers approximately 10 septillion (10²⁵) years.
• Willow operates using superconducting transmon qubits, which are tiny electrical circuits that exhibit quantum behavior at extremely low temperatures.

Additional Details

• Quantum Chip: A quantum chip is a specialized type of computer chip designed to leverage the principles of quantum mechanics. Unlike traditional chips that use 'bits' (0 or 1) for processing information, quantum chips utilize 'qubits', which can represent 0, 1, or both simultaneously.
• This unique capability enables quantum chips to perform complex calculations significantly faster than conventional computers.

The introduction of the Willow chip marks a significant advancement in quantum computing, showcasing the potential to tackle problems that were previously deemed insurmountable for classical computers.

GS1/History & Culture

C. Rajagopalachari: A Tribute

Source: PIB

Why in News?

On the occasion of the Birth Anniversary of Bharat Ratna Shri C. Rajagopalachari, Lok Sabha Speaker Shri Om Birla paid floral tributes to him in the Central Hall of Samvidhan Sadan, honoring his immense contributions to India’s independence and literature.

• C. Rajagopalachari, affectionately known as Rajaji, was born on 10 December 1878, in Thorapalli, Tamil Nadu.
• He played a significant role in India's independence movement, influenced greatly by his interactions with Mahatma Gandhi.
• Rajaji was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954 for his contributions to Indian politics and literature.

Additional Details

• Role in India’s Independence Movement:Rajagopalachari gave up his legal career in 1919 to dedicate himself fully to the independence struggle. He was actively involved in major movements including:
  • The agitation against the Rowlett Act
  • The Non-Cooperation Movement
  • The Vaikom Satyagraha
  • The Civil Disobedience Movement
  He faced imprisonment five times for his activities during this period.
• Constituent Assembly Membership: Rajaji was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Madras representing the Congress party, where he advocated for religious freedom and citizenship rights.
• Key Writings: Rajaji was a prolific author, known for his retelling of the Mahabharata and Ramayana in English, as well as his Tamil work titled Ramayana – Chakravarti Thirumagan.

C. Rajagopalachari's legacy as a leader and writer continues to inspire generations, reflecting his commitment to India's freedom and cultural heritage.

GS3/Science and Technology

What is Haemophilia A?

Source: India Today

Why in News?

Recently, scientists in India have achieved notable success in employing gene therapy as a treatment for severe haemophilia A, highlighting advancements in medical research aimed at addressing this rare blood disorder.

• Haemophilia A is a rare, inherited blood disorder that affects the blood's ability to clot properly.
• The disorder is linked to a deficiency of clotting factor VIII, which is essential for normal coagulation.
• Symptoms can range in severity, with prolonged bleeding being a common indicator.

Additional Details

• What is Haemophilia A? Haemophilia A, also known as classic hemophilia, is one of three types of hemophilia. It is a genetic condition where the blood does not clot effectively due to a deficiency in clotting factor VIII.
• Causes: The disorder is caused by mutations in the gene responsible for factor VIII, which is located on the X chromosome. This gene's abnormality leads to insufficient levels of factor VIII, impairing the body's ability to form blood clots following an injury.
• Symptoms:Symptoms of haemophilia A can vary in intensity. The primary symptom is prolonged bleeding, which can occur:
  • Internally, affecting joints and muscles.
  • Externally, from minor injuries, dental work, or cuts.
• Treatment:Treatment options focus on increasing the levels of clotting factors:
  • Replacement therapy to provide missing factor VIII.
  • Medications to enhance clotting capabilities.
  • Surgical interventions for damage caused by bleeding.

In summary, haemophilia A is a significant medical condition that can lead to serious health complications if not managed properly. Advances in treatments, including innovative gene therapy, offer hope for more effective management of this disorder.

GS3/Science and Technology

Hyperloop Track Development in India

Source: Times of India

Why in News?

Recently, IIT Madras achieved a notable milestone by completing a 410-meter Hyperloop test track, positioning India on the path toward advanced transportation systems.

• The Hyperloop is a high-speed transport system utilizing pods within low-pressure tubes.
• Originally proposed by Elon Musk in 2012, this technology aims to revolutionize travel efficiency.
• India's Hyperloop project is a collaborative effort involving Indian Railways, IIT Madras' Avishkar Hyperloop team, and TuTr, an incubated startup.

Additional Details

• Working Principle: Hyperloop pods operate in vacuum-sealed tubes, which significantly reduces friction and enables high-speed travel.
• Speed Capacity: Pods are designed to reach maximum speeds of up to 1,100 km/h, with normal operational speeds around 360 km/h.
• Key Components:
  • Low-Pressure Tubes: Sealed to minimize air resistance.
  • Magnetic Levitation (Maglev): Allows pods to float on magnets, eliminating friction.
  • Linear Electric Motors: Propel the pod smoothly and efficiently.
• This innovative transport solution offers zero direct emissions, positioning Hyperloop as a sustainable transit option.

The completion of the Hyperloop test track is viewed as a significant advancement toward meeting India's increasing demand for efficient and environmentally friendly transportation solutions.

GS3/Science and Technology

Expansion of Universe

Source: Forbes

Why in News?

Recent observations from NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have confirmed findings from the Hubble Space Telescope regarding the accelerated expansion of the universe. This new data indicates that the universe is expanding more rapidly than previously anticipated.

• The James Webb Space Telescope's findings validate that the universe's expansion rate is approximately 8% faster than predictions based on current astrophysical models.
• This discrepancy in expansion rates is termed the Hubble Tension.
• Significant gaps in our understanding persist regarding dark matter and dark energy, which together constitute about 96% of the universe.

Additional Details

• Dark Matter: This invisible substance is estimated to make up about 27% of the universe. It is inferred from its gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and planets, which account for roughly 5% of the universe.
• Dark Energy: Comprising approximately 69% of the universe, dark energy is a hypothesized form of energy that permeates space and is believed to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe.
• Hubble Constant (H₀): This value represents the rate of the universe's expansion, typically measured in kilometers per second per megaparsec (km/s/Mpc).
• Hubble Tension: This term describes the inconsistency in measurements of H₀ obtained through different methodologies, presenting challenges to our current cosmological models.

About James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)

• Launch Date: JWST was launched on December 25, 2021.
• Location: It orbits the Sun at the second Lagrange point (L2), approximately 1.5 million kilometers (1 million miles) from Earth.
• Design and Features:
  • Sunshield: JWST features a large, 5-layer sunshield the size of a tennis court, which protects its instruments from solar heat and light.
  • Mirrors: The telescope utilizes 18 hexagonal mirrors that unfold in space to form a single large mirror with a diameter of 6.5 meters (21 feet).
• Scientific Instruments:The telescope is equipped with four primary instruments:
  • Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam)
  • Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec)
  • Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI)
  • Fine Guidance Sensor/Near InfraRed Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (FGS/NIRISS)
• Scientific Goals:
  • Early Universe: JWST aims to investigate the formation of the first galaxies after the Big Bang to gain insights into the universe's infancy.
  • Planetary Systems: It will analyze exoplanet atmospheres for potential signs of habitability and life.
  • Star and Planet Formation: The telescope will study how stars and planets form within dust clouds.

The findings from the JWST provide critical insights into fundamental questions about the nature of our universe, particularly regarding its expansion and the elusive components that constitute the majority of its mass and energy.

GS3/Science and Technology

Ghost Guns and 3D Printing Technology

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

Recently, Luigi Mangione was apprehended while carrying a "ghost gun," linked to the fatal shooting of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson. Authorities believe this firearm may have been manufactured using a 3D printer.

• Ghost guns are untraceable firearms that can be made using 3D printers.
• The rise of 3D printing technology has made it easier for individuals to manufacture firearms without serial numbers.

Additional Details

• 3D Printing: This technology, also known as additive manufacturing, creates three-dimensional objects by layering materials, such as plastic and composites. It allows for customized and efficient production compared to traditional manufacturing methods. Notable applications include:
  • Aerospace: In May 2023, Relativity Space launched a test rocket made entirely of 3D-printed parts.
  • Healthcare: During the COVID-19 pandemic, 3D printers were used to produce essential medical equipment like swabs and masks.
• Ghost Guns: These firearms lack serial numbers, making them difficult for law enforcement to trace. They are often assembled from various parts, including metals and plastics, and have become popular among criminals due to their anonymity.
• Legal Concerns: Ghost guns can bypass background checks that are typically required for commercial firearm sales, raising significant public safety concerns.

The increasing prevalence of ghost guns, formally known as Privately Made Firearms (PMF), poses a growing threat in the US. In 2022, the Department of Justice recovered 25,785 ghost guns, marking a dramatic 1,300% increase since 2016. Recent trends indicate a significant rise in the number of ghost guns recovered, with 19,273 traced in 2021 alone.

In response to this issue, President Joe Biden issued a rule in 2022 requiring that ghost guns be regulated like traditional firearms, mandating serial numbers and background checks. However, this measure is currently facing legal challenges.

While advocates argue that ghost guns align with Second Amendment rights, the existing legal framework, such as the Gun Control Act of 1968, permits private citizens to make firearms for personal use without registration, provided they are not sold.

GS2/Governance

Yuva Sahakar Scheme

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Minister of Cooperation recently provided information in the Lok Sabha regarding the Yuva Sahakar Scheme, which aims to foster cooperative societies among the youth.

• The Yuva Sahakar Scheme encourages the formation of new cooperative societies with innovative ideas.
• It supports young entrepreneur cooperative societies that have been operational for at least 3 months.
• The scheme offers long-term loans of up to 5 years, with a 2% interest subvention provided by the NCDC.
• Loans can be combined with subsidies from other Government of India schemes.
• The scheme is implemented by the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) nationwide.

Additional Details

• Dedicated Fund: NCDC has established a dedicated fund linked to Rs.1000 crores from the Cooperative Start-up and Innovation Fund, designed to support youth in availing the scheme.
• Regional Support: The scheme offers additional incentives for cooperatives operating in the North-Eastern region and aspirational districts.
• Inclusivity: Exclusive benefits are available for women, Scheduled Caste, and Scheduled Tribe candidates.
• Broader Mission: The Yuva Sahakar Scheme is part of the Sahakar 22 initiative, which aims to double farmers' income by 2022.

In summary, the Yuva Sahakar Scheme is a significant initiative to promote cooperative entrepreneurship among the youth, providing essential financial support and incentives to foster innovation and inclusivity within the cooperative sector.