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All questions of The Delhi Sultanate for Class 9 Exam

Which one of the following sultans tried to organise the army on the decimal system after the Mongol pattern?
  • a)
    Ala-ud-din Khalji
  • b)
    Balban
  • c)
    Firuz Tughlaq
  • d)
    Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Gopal Ghosh answered
- Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq tried to organize the army on the decimal system after the Mongol pattern.
- He was the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351.
- He has been described by some as a 'mad king'. For, all his projects like the transfer of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad, the introduction of token currency, an experiment in Doab, and an expedition to Kangra were all unsuccessful.
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What was the name of Delhi sultan to whom belongs to credit of being the first sultan of Delhi to lay the foundation of permanent standing army?
  • a)
    Iltutmish
  • b)
    Ala-ud-din Khalji
  • c)
    Balban
  • d)
    Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sinjini Kumar answered
Ala-ud-din Khalji

Ala-ud-din Khalji was the name of the Delhi Sultan who belongs to credit for being the first sultan of Delhi to lay the foundation of a permanent standing army. He was the second ruler of the Khalji dynasty and ruled from 1296 to 1316.

Significance of Permanent Standing Army

Ala-ud-din Khalji realized the importance of a permanent standing army for the stability and security of his kingdom. He understood that a standing army could be quickly mobilized in case of any external or internal threats to the kingdom. With the help of his able general Malik Kafur, he reorganized and strengthened the army.

Composition of the Army

The standing army of Ala-ud-din Khalji was composed of infantry, cavalry, and elephants. The cavalry was the backbone of the army, and the soldiers were well-armed with swords, spears, and bows. The elephants were used for transportation and as a means of attack during battles.

Reforms in Administration

Apart from the establishment of a permanent standing army, Ala-ud-din Khalji also introduced several administrative reforms. He centralized the administration and divided the kingdom into provinces, each under the control of a governor. He also introduced a system of spies to keep a check on the activities of his nobles.

Importance of Ala-ud-din Khalji's Reign

The reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji was significant in the history of India. He was a strong and able ruler who brought stability and prosperity to the kingdom. His reforms in the army and administration laid the foundation for a strong and centralized kingdom. He was also a patron of art and literature, and several monuments were built during his reign, including the famous Qutub Minar in Delhi.

Which of the following is correct?
  • a)
    Ala-ud-din Khalji instituted the practice of maintaining the decripture roll of individual soldiers in the army register, and also branding system (dagh) of the horses.
  • b)
    The army of Ala-ud-din Khalji was directly recruited by the army minister.
  • c)
    The soldiers of Ala-ud-din Khalji were paid in cash.
  • d)
    The soldiers of Ala-ud-din Khalji were provided with horses, arms and other equipments at the expense of the State.
  • e)
    All of the above.
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Asha Kumar answered
During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji (1296-1316), several measures were taken to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of his army. These measures included:
a) Instituting the practice of maintaining the decripture roll of individual soldiers in the army register, and also the branding system (dagh) of the horses. The decripture roll helped him keep a record of the soldiers and horses in his army, which helped in preventing desertions and theft. The branding system was used to mark the horses and help the state keep track of them.
b) Direct recruitment of soldiers by the army minister. The army minister was in charge of recruitment, training, and administration of the army, which made the recruitment process efficient.
c) Paying soldiers in cash. Ala-ud-din Khalji introduced a new system of payment known as the dagh or branding system, which involved branding horses and paying soldiers in cash rather than in kind. This system was beneficial to the soldiers as they could use the cash to buy goods from the market.
d) Provision of horses, arms, and other equipment to soldiers at the expense of the state. The provision of horses, arms, and other equipment improved the fighting capabilities of the soldiers and made them more effective in battle.
All of these measures taken by Ala-ud-din Khalji helped in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of his army. These reforms enabled the Khalji dynasty to expand its empire and establish its authority over a vast region of North India.

About whose kingdom it is said, “The dominion of the Lord of the universe extended from Delhi to Palam”?
  • a)
    Alam Shah
  • b)
    Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Tughlaq
  • c)
    Qutb-ud-din Mubarak 
  • d)
    Ibrahim Lodi
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Muskaan Dey answered
B is the correct option. It is said for Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq (reign: 1394 – February 1413 CE), also known as Nasiruddin Mohammad Shah, was the last sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty to rule the Islamic Delhi Sultanate.

Who constituted a council known as Umara-iChahalgana?
  • a)
    Iltutmish
  • b)
    Balban
  • c)
    Ala-ud-din Khalji
  • d)
    Firuz Tughlaq
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Priyanshu Kumar answered
¶¶Chahalgani refers to the group of forty important nobles set up by Iltutmish.They were very powerful and were well-known to the Sultan.But after the period of Iltutmish, the power of the Chalgans was put down by Balban.

¶¶ so the option a is correct.

What is Khidamati?
  • a)
    One-fifth of the spoils of wars.
  • b)
    A tax on purchase and sale of commodities.
  • c)
    It was tribute realised from the subjugated Indian chiefs.
  • d)
    It was a house tax demanded from the Hindus.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
C
)
It
was
tribute
realised
from
the
subjug
ated
Indian
chiefs
.
Kh
id
am
ati
was
a
form
of
tribute
realised
from
the
subjug
ated
Indian
chiefs
during
the
M
ugh
al
period
.
This
was
usually
in
the
form
of
money
or
goods
in
lieu
of
military
service
.
It
was
a
part
of
the
j
iz
ya
or
the
poll
tax
imposed
on
the
non
-
Muslims
in
order
to
maintain
an
army
.
This
was
a
form
of
taxation
and
was
used
to
fund
the
military
campaigns
of
the
M
ugh
al
rulers
.

Jizaya (a religious tax) could be demanded only from the Hindus. Which one of the following statements about jizaya is correct?
  • a)
    It was a tax in lieu of military services.
  • b)
    Money-changers, cloth dealers, landowners, merchants and physicians paid the maximum amount ofjizaya.
  • c)
    It was payable on a graduated scale according to means.
  • d)
    Women, children and Brahmanas were exempted from it.
  • e)
    All of the above.
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Mihir Mukherjee answered
Jizaya in Islamic history
Jizaya was a religious tax imposed on non-Muslims, particularly Hindus, in Islamic societies. Here are the key points about jizaya:

Payment in lieu of military services: Jizaya was a tax paid by non-Muslims as a substitute for military service. This tax was often seen as a way for non-Muslims to be exempt from serving in the military.

Payment by specific groups: Certain groups of non-Muslims, such as money-changers, cloth dealers, landowners, merchants, and physicians, were required to pay the maximum amount of jizaya. This tax was often based on the profession and income of the individual.

Graduated scale according to means: Jizaya was payable on a graduated scale according to the means of the individual. This meant that wealthier individuals paid a higher amount of tax compared to those with lower incomes.

Exemptions: Women, children, and Brahmanas were often exempted from paying jizaya. This exemption was based on specific criteria set by Islamic rulers.
Therefore, all the statements about jizaya mentioned in the options - payment in lieu of military services, payment by specific groups, graduated scale according to means, and exemptions for certain individuals - are correct.

What was Majlis-i-Am or Majlis-i-Kahlawat during Sultanate period?
  • a)
    It was a body of officers in charge of the accounts and receipts.
  • b)
    It was a council of trusted officers which the Sultans consulted when important affairs of the state demanded attention.
  • c)
    They were the custodian of peace and order.
  • d)
    All of the above.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Nisha Desai answered
Majlis-i-Am or Majlis-i-Kahlawat were important councils during the Sultanate period in India.

Meaning of Majlis-i-Am/Majlis-i-Kahlawat:
Majlis-i-Am means the council of the common people, while Majlis-i-Kahlawat refers to the council of nobles.

Purpose of Majlis-i-Am/Majlis-i-Kahlawat:
The purpose of these councils was to ensure good governance and effective administration of the state.

Functions of Majlis-i-Am/Majlis-i-Kahlawat:
1. Advice to the Sultan: Both Majlis-i-Am and Majlis-i-Kahlawat were the advisory bodies to the Sultan. They advised the Sultan on important matters of the state.

2. Administration: Majlis-i-Am was responsible for the administration of the state. They were in charge of the accounts and receipts.

3. Law and Order: Majlis-i-Kahlawat was responsible for maintaining law and order in the state. They were the custodian of peace and order.

4. Judicial Functions: The councils had the power to settle disputes and make decisions on legal matters.

Conclusion:
In a nutshell, Majlis-i-Am and Majlis-i-Kahlawat were important councils during the Sultanate period. They played a crucial role in the governance of the state, advised the Sultan on important matters, and ensured law and order in the state.

Which one of the following statement about the nature of the Muslim state in India during the Sultanate period is correct?
  • a)
    It was a militaristic and aristocratic.
  • b)
    It was based not on the idea of equality but on the notion of privileges and power.
  • c)
    There was a king of tacit sharing of power between the rural Hindu aristocracy and the city-based administrators.
  • d)
    All of the above.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Kritika Roy answered
Nature of Muslim State in India during Sultanate Period

During the Sultanate period in India (1206-1526), a number of Muslim dynasties ruled India, including the Delhi Sultanate, the Khilji Dynasty, the Tughlaq Dynasty, and the Lodi Dynasty. The nature of the Muslim state in India during this period can be described in the following ways:

Militaristic and Aristocratic

- The Muslim rulers of India during the Sultanate period were primarily military men, who had come to India as conquerors. They were often referred to as sultans, which means "chiefs" or "commanders" in Arabic.
- The Muslim state in India was militaristic in nature, with the sultan and his army at the center of power. The sultan was the ultimate authority in the state, and his word was law.
- The Muslim state was also aristocratic, with the sultan and his courtiers living in luxury and surrounded by wealth and privilege. The sultan's court was a place of great pomp and ceremony, with elaborate rituals and ceremonies.

Notion of Privileges and Power

- The Muslim state in India was not based on the idea of equality, but on the notion of privileges and power. The sultan and his courtiers enjoyed many privileges and exemptions from the law that were not available to ordinary people.
- The Muslim state was also characterized by a hierarchical social order, in which people were ranked according to their class, occupation, and religion. At the top of the social hierarchy were the Muslims, who enjoyed the greatest privileges and power, while at the bottom were the low-caste Hindus and other marginalized groups.

Tacit Sharing of Power

- Despite the hierarchical nature of the Muslim state in India, there was some degree of tacit sharing of power between the rural Hindu aristocracy and the city-based administrators. The sultan relied on the support of the local elites to maintain his authority, and often appointed Hindu officials to important positions in the state.
- However, the relationship between the Muslim rulers and the Hindu elites was often uneasy, and there were frequent conflicts and power struggles between the two groups.

Overall, the nature of the Muslim state in India during the Sultanate period was complex and multifaceted, characterized by a mixture of militarism, aristocracy, hierarchy, and power struggles.

Zakat (a religious tax) could be demanded only from the Muslims. Which one of the following statements about zakat is correct?
  • a)
    It was an act of piety to pay Zakat.
  • b)
    It was payable in gold or silver, herd and merchandise.
  • c)
    The zakat when assessed on value or weight, was 1/40th of the property.
  • d)
    All of the above.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Upsc Lbsnaa answered
Zakat, Arabic zakāt, an obligatory tax required of Muslims, one of the five Pillars of Islam. The zakat is levied on five categories of property—food grains; fruit; camels, cattle, sheep, and goats; gold and silver; and movable goods—and is payable each year after one year’s possession. The tax levy required by religious law varies with the category. Recipients of the zakat include the poor and needy, the collectors themselves, and “those whose hearts it is necessary to conciliate”—e.g., discordant tribesmen, debtors, volunteers in jihad (holy war), and pilgrims.

Who were barids during Sultanate period?
  • a)
    The officers in charge of the accounts and receipts.
  • b)
    The custodian of peace and order.
  • c)
    The news reporters and secret spies.
  • d)
    The revenue officers.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Prasenjit Chauhan answered
During the Sultanate period in India, the Barids, also known as Barids-i-Mamalik, were important figures who played multiple roles. They were primarily news reporters and secret spies, responsible for gathering and relaying information to the ruling authorities. Let's delve into the details:

1. Role of Barids as News Reporters:
The Barids were tasked with collecting news and information from various regions of the Sultanate. They would travel extensively, visiting different cities, towns, and villages, to gather first-hand information about political developments, social issues, and economic activities. They would then compile and report this information to the Sultan or the ruling authorities.

2. Role of Barids as Secret Spies:
In addition to their role as news reporters, the Barids also acted as secret spies. They were entrusted with the task of gathering intelligence about potential threats, conspiracies, and rebellions. They would infiltrate enemy territories, attend secret meetings, and gather information through various covert means. This information was crucial for the Sultanate in maintaining peace and security.

3. Importance of Barids in Governance:
The information collected by the Barids was invaluable for the Sultanate rulers in making informed decisions. It helped them understand the pulse of the society, identify potential threats, and maintain law and order. The reports provided by the Barids played a significant role in shaping the policies and strategies of the Sultanate administration.

4. Barids vs. Other Officials:
While the Sultanate period had several other officials responsible for different aspects of governance, the Barids had a unique role. Unlike the revenue officers who dealt with financial matters or the officers in charge of accounts and receipts, the Barids focused on gathering information and acting as spies. Their role was essential in ensuring the smooth functioning of the Sultanate administration.

In conclusion, during the Sultanate period, the Barids served as news reporters and secret spies. They played a crucial role in gathering and reporting information to the ruling authorities, thereby contributing to the governance, peace, and security of the Sultanate.

The nobility exercised a predominant influence in the state as generals, administrators and sometimes as king makers. Which one of the following formed the majority in this class?
  • a)
    Arabs
  • b)
    Turks
  • c)
    Abyssinians
  • d)
    Afghans
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Aditya Rane answered
The Turkish Nobility in Medieval India

Introduction:
In medieval India, the nobility formed an influential class that exercised power in the state. This class was made up of people from different backgrounds, including Arabs, Abyssinians, Afghans and Turks. However, the Turks formed the majority in this class and had a significant impact on Indian history.

Turkish Invasions:
The Turks first invaded India in the 11th century under Mahmud of Ghazni. They continued to periodically invade the region over the next few centuries, with notable figures such as Muhammad Ghori and Timur. These invasions brought many Turks to India, who eventually settled in the region and became part of the nobility.

Turkish Nobility:
The Turkish nobility was made up of various groups, including Ghilzai, Khilji, Tughlaq, Lodi and Mughal. These groups had distinct characteristics and played different roles in Indian history. However, they all shared a common Turkish heritage and were known for their military prowess and administrative skills.

Military and Administrative Roles:
The Turkish nobility played a significant role in the military and administration of medieval India. They served as generals in the army, administrators in the government and sometimes even king makers. They were known for their bravery in battle and their ability to organize and lead armies. They also introduced new administrative practices and systems, including the use of Persian as the official language.

Impact on Indian History:
The Turkish nobility had a significant impact on Indian history. They established several dynasties, including the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, which ruled over India for centuries. They also introduced new cultural practices, such as the Persianate culture, which had a lasting influence on Indian society.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Turkish nobility formed the majority in the class of medieval India's nobility. They played a significant role in the military and administration of the region and had a lasting impact on Indian history.

Which one of the cities was founded by Firuz Tughlaq?
  • a)
    Jaunpur
  • b)
    Hissar
  • c)
    Firuzpur
  • d)
    Firuzabad
  • e)
    All of the above
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Manisha Chauhan answered
Jaunpur was founded by Firuz Tughlaq.
Here are the details explaining why the answer is "All of the above":
- Jaunpur: Firuz Tughlaq founded Jaunpur in 1360 AD. It was initially named "Firuzabad," after him, but later came to be known as Jaunpur.
- Hisar: Firuz Tughlaq founded Hisar in 1354 AD. It was an important town during the medieval period and served as a strategic location.
- Firuzpur: Firuz Tughlaq also founded Firuzpur, which was named after him. It was established as a new city during his reign.
- Firuzabad: Another city founded by Firuz Tughlaq was Firuzabad, which was named in his honor. It was built as a symbol of his power and authority.
Therefore, all of the cities mentioned - Jaunpur, Hisar, Firuzpur, and Firuzabad - were founded by Firuz Tughlaq during his reign as a ruler.

Which one of the following terms was used for measurement of land in Sultanate period?
  • a)
    Ghalla-Bakshi
  • b)
    Masahat
  • c)
    Ghazi
  • d)
    Betai
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Ankita Gupta answered
Measurement of Land in Sultanate Period

In the Sultanate period, the measurement of land was an important aspect of revenue administration. The measurement of land was done using various units of measurement, and one of the commonly used units of measurement during this period was Masahat.

Masahat

Masahat was a unit of measurement used for the calculation of land revenue during the Sultanate period. It was used to measure the area of land and was equivalent to one hundred square gaz. A gaz was a unit of measurement used for the measurement of length, which was equivalent to 2.025 feet.

The measurement of land using Masahat was done by the officials of the revenue department. They used a measuring instrument called Zer-i-Mahsul, which was a wooden frame with a rope attached to it. The rope was marked at regular intervals to measure the land accurately.

Other Units of Measurement

Apart from the Masahat, there were other units of measurement used during the Sultanate period, which included:

Ghalla-Bakshi: It was a unit of measurement used for the assessment of land revenue. It was equivalent to one-third of the produce of the land.

Betai: It was a unit of measurement used for the calculation of land revenue. It was equivalent to one-eighth of the produce of the land.

Ghazi: It was a unit of measurement used for the calculation of revenue from cattle. It was equivalent to one-tenth of the produce of the cattle.

Conclusion

The measurement of land was an important aspect of revenue administration during the Sultanate period. Masahat was one of the commonly used units of measurement for the calculation of land revenue. The measurement of land was done using various instruments, and the revenue officials were responsible for the accurate measurement of land.

Which of the following is correct?
(A) The religious taxZakat could be demanded only from Muslims and it was used for the benefit of the Muslim community.
(B) Kharaz or land tax from non-Muslims, varied from 1/10th to one-half.
(C) Khums were one-fifth of the spoils of war.
(D) Ushr was a land tax paid by the Muslims.
  • a)
    Only (A) and (B)
  • b)
    Only (B)
  • c)
    Only (B) and (D)
  • d)
    All of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Athul Chatterjee answered
Explanation:
Religious Taxes in Islamic History:
- Zakat:
- Zakat is a religious tax in Islam that is obligatory for all Muslims who meet certain criteria. It is used for the benefit of the Muslim community.
- Kharaz:
- Kharaz was a land tax imposed on non-Muslims and varied from 1/10th to one-half of their produce.
- Khums:
- Khums refers to one-fifth of the spoils of war, which was traditionally taken as a tax in Islamic history.
- Ushr:
- Ushr was a land tax paid by Muslims on their agricultural produce.
Correct Answer Justification:
- Option (A) mentions the religious tax Zakat, which is accurate as it was demanded only from Muslims for the benefit of the Muslim community.
- Option (B) is correct as it describes Kharaz, a land tax imposed on non-Muslims.
- Option (C) about Khums is also accurate as it refers to one-fifth of spoils of war.
- Option (D) is correct as Ushr was indeed a land tax paid by Muslims.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - All of the above. This is because all the statements accurately describe different types of religious taxes that were prevalent in Islamic history.

Provincial governors of the Delhi Sultanate were called :
  • a)
    Jagirdars
  • b)
    Shiqqdar
  • c)
    Walis or Muqtis
  • d)
    Wazir
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Palak Kumar answered
Provincial Governors of the Delhi Sultanate:

The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim kingdom in South Asia that existed from 1206 to 1526. It was ruled by a series of sultans who had a strong centralized system of administration. The provincial governors of the Delhi Sultanate were called Walis or Muqtis.

Explanation:

1. Meaning of Walis or Muqtis:
The term "Walis" or "Muqtis" refers to the provincial governors of the Delhi Sultanate. They were appointed by the Sultan to administer and collect revenue from the provinces.

2. Role of Walis or Muqtis:
The Walis or Muqtis were responsible for maintaining law and order in their respective provinces. They were also responsible for collecting taxes and revenue on behalf of the Sultan. They had a significant amount of power and were accountable to the Sultan.

3. Appointment of Walis or Muqtis:
The appointment of Walis or Muqtis was usually done by the Sultan himself. They were appointed based on their loyalty and efficiency. The Sultan would also consider their previous record of service before making the appointment.

4. Power of Walis or Muqtis:
The Walis or Muqtis had a significant amount of power in their respective provinces. They had the authority to make decisions on behalf of the Sultan and had the power to collect taxes and revenue from the people. They were also responsible for maintaining law and order in their provinces.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the provincial governors of the Delhi Sultanate were called Walis or Muqtis. They were responsible for maintaining law and order in their respective provinces, collecting taxes and revenue, and making decisions on behalf of the Sultan. They had a significant amount of power and were accountable to the Sultan.

Which one of the following was the most well known powerful and first group of nobles created during the Sultanate period?
  • a)
    Amiran-i-Sadahs
  • b)
    Umara-i-Chahalgana
  • c)
    Turkan-i-Chahalgani
  • d)
    None of these
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Abhijeet Kumar answered
< b="">Introduction:<>
During the Sultanate period in India, several powerful and influential groups of nobles emerged. Among them, the Turkan-i-Chahalgani holds significant importance as they were the most well-known and powerful group of nobles during that time.

< b="">Explanation:<>
The Turkan-i-Chahalgani, also known as the "Forty Turks," was a group of nobles that played a crucial role in the governance and administration of the Delhi Sultanate. They were initially Turkic slaves who were brought to India, converted to Islam, and rose to positions of power within the Sultanate. The Turkan-i-Chahalgani were known for their military prowess and administrative capabilities.

< b="">Role and Influence:<>
1. Military Power: The Turkan-i-Chahalgani were renowned for their military skills and formed the backbone of the Sultanate's army. They were highly loyal to the Sultan and played a vital role in defending the kingdom from external threats.

2. Administrative Authority: The Turkan-i-Chahalgani held influential positions in the administration, including governors of provinces, commanders of forts, and ministers in the royal court. They effectively controlled the Sultanate's bureaucracy and were responsible for maintaining law and order.

3. Political Influence: The Turkan-i-Chahalgani exerted significant political influence during the Sultanate period. They often played a crucial role in the selection of the Sultan and acted as advisors to the ruler. Their power and influence extended to the decision-making process within the Sultanate.

4. Economic Control: The Turkan-i-Chahalgani also had considerable economic control. They owned vast landed estates and controlled trade and commerce in various regions. Their economic power further strengthened their political influence.

< b="">Conclusion:<>
The Turkan-i-Chahalgani emerged as the most well-known and powerful group of nobles during the Sultanate period. Their military strength, administrative authority, political influence, and economic control positioned them as a dominant force within the Delhi Sultanate. Their contributions to the governance and stability of the Sultanate were significant, making them a crucial part of Indian history during that era.

Which one of the following statements regarding the Iqta system is correct?
  • a)
    It was a grant of taxation over lands.
  • b)
    The officer holding the charge of a large iqta is known as Muqti.
  • c)
    The iqta was piece of landed property received by a person from the state and signified ‘revenue assignments’.
  • d)
    All of the above.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Aashna Bose answered
The correct answer is option 'D' - all of the above.

The Iqta system was a significant administrative and economic system that existed during the medieval period in the Indian subcontinent. It was a form of land revenue assignment in which the state granted revenue rights over a piece of land to a person, known as the muqti or iqta holder. This system played a crucial role in the administration and revenue collection of the state.

Let's break down each statement and understand why it is correct:

1. It was a grant of taxation over lands.
The Iqta system involved the grant of revenue collection rights over a piece of land to an individual. This meant that the iqta holder had the authority to collect taxes and revenue from the land, which was then used to support the administrative and military expenses of the state. So, statement 'a' is correct.

2. The officer holding the charge of a large iqta is known as Muqti.
The term "muqti" refers to the officer or individual who held the charge of an iqta. The muqti was responsible for managing the land, collecting revenue, and ensuring the smooth functioning of the administration in the assigned area. So, statement 'b' is correct.

3. The iqta was a piece of landed property received by a person from the state and signified revenue assignments.
The term "iqta" refers to the piece of land that was assigned to an individual by the state. This land was considered as a revenue assignment, which means that the iqta holder had the right to collect revenue from the land. The iqta system played a crucial role in the revenue administration of the state. So, statement 'c' is correct.

Therefore, all of the statements - a), b), and c) - are correct, making option 'D' the correct answer. The Iqta system was an important aspect of medieval governance and revenue collection in the Indian subcontinent.

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