All questions of History for Humanities/Arts Exam

The Citadel at Lothal is an ancient fortified town located in present-day Gujarat, India. It is one of the most important archaeological sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, dating back to around 2400 BCE. The characteristic feature of the Citadel at Lothal is that it was built at a height. Let us understand the feature in detail.

Built at a height
The Citadel at Lothal was built on a raised platform, which was about 13 meters high. This elevated platform gave the citadel a strategic advantage by providing a clear view of the surrounding areas. It also protected the citadel from floods during the monsoon season, which was a common occurrence in the region. The height of the citadel also made it difficult for enemies to attack, as they would have to climb up the platform to reach the town.

Other Features
Apart from being built at a height, the Citadel at Lothal had other features that made it a unique fortified town. It was surrounded by a massive wall that was about 4.5 meters thick and 2.4 meters high. The wall was built using mud bricks and had a series of bastions and gateways. The town was also divided into two parts, the Lower Town and the Citadel, with the latter being the more elevated part of the town.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the characteristic feature of the Citadel at Lothal is that it was built at a height. This feature made it a strategic location for trade and defense, as it provided a clear view of the surrounding areas and protected the town from floods and attacks. The Citadel at Lothal is an important archaeological site that has given us insights into the urban planning and architecture of the Indus Valley Civilization.

There any difference between the gold in them?Just as the same gold is in all the ornaments,Similarly, the same God is in all the names.He is formless, and without qualities and attributes.He is the creator, sustainer, and destroyer of the universe.He is the one lord of the world, but people have given Him different names and forms based on their beliefs and cultural traditions.People argue and fight over these names and forms,But they fail to understand that God is beyond all names and forms.He cannot be confined to any particular religion or belief system.He is beyond our comprehension and understanding.He is the ultimate truth, the absolute reality.We may call Him by different names,But He remains the same, the one and only Lord of the world.1. The composition is attributed to whom?
A. Kabir
B. Allah
C. Ram
D. Karim

Incorrect Pair:
Ekalabya - Chandal

Explanation:
Ekalabya was not the son of Chandal. This pair is incorrectly matched. The correct information is as follows:

Correct Pairs:
a) Kouravas - Son of Ghandhari
b) Ekalabya - Not the son of Chandal
c) Pandavas - Sons of Pandu
d) Suvarnakaras - Goldsmith

Additional Information:
- Kouravas were the descendants of Kuru, the eldest son of King Shantanu and Queen Ganga. They were born to Queen Ghandhari and King Dhritarashtra. The most prominent Kouravas were Duryodhana, Dushasana, and Vikarna.
- Ekalabya was a talented archer and a character from the epic Mahabharata. He was not the son of Chandal. In fact, he belonged to a lower caste and was a hunter by profession.
- Pandavas were the five sons of King Pandu and Queen Kunti. They were Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva. They played a significant role in the Mahabharata war.
- Suvarnakaras were goldsmiths by profession. They were skilled in crafting and designing jewelry and objects made of gold.

In Conclusion:
The pair that is not correctly matched is Ekalabya - Chandal. Ekalabya was not the son of Chandal; he belonged to a lower caste and was a hunter by profession.

Devotee of Saguna Bhakti: Meera Bai

Introduction
The devotee of Saguna Bhakti referred to in the given information is Meera Bai. She was a Rajput princess from Merta in Marwar and is known for her unwavering devotion to Lord Krishna, whom she considered as her lover.

Meera Bai: A Rajput Princess
Meera Bai was born in 1498 in Merta, a small town in the Marwar region of Rajasthan, India. She was born into the Rajput clan, which was known for its warrior traditions and adherence to strict social norms. Meera Bai, however, had a deep spiritual inclination from an early age and was drawn towards the worship of Lord Krishna.

Saguna Bhakti
Saguna Bhakti is a form of devotional worship in Hinduism that focuses on the worship of a personal deity with attributes and form. It involves the belief in the existence of a divine being, such as Lord Krishna, who possesses divine qualities and can be approached through various forms of worship, rituals, and devotion.

Meera Bai's Devotion to Lord Krishna
Meera Bai's devotion to Lord Krishna was intense and unshakable. She considered Lord Krishna as her lover and dedicated her entire life to his worship and service. Her love for Lord Krishna was expressed through her soul-stirring poetry, songs, and devotional practices.

Meera Bai's Poetry and Songs
Meera Bai's poetry and songs, known as bhajans, are a testament to her deep love and devotion for Lord Krishna. Her verses are filled with longing, surrender, and ecstasy, as she expresses her desire to be united with her beloved Lord. Meera Bai's bhajans continue to be popular and are sung by devotees even today.

Meera Bai's Legacy
Meera Bai's unwavering devotion to Lord Krishna and her fearless expression of love in a society bound by strict social norms made her an iconic figure of devotion and love in Indian history. Her life and works continue to inspire millions of people to this day.

In conclusion, Meera Bai, a Rajput princess from Merta in Marwar, is the devotee of Saguna Bhakti mentioned in the given information. Her intense devotion and love for Lord Krishna, as expressed through her poetry and songs, have made her an immortal symbol of devotion in Indian history.

Diamonds were not found at craft production centers in the Harappan Civilization.

Indus Valley Civilization:
The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations that thrived in the Indus River valley in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. It flourished from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE and left behind a rich heritage of artifacts and relics that provide insights into their culture, lifestyle, and craftsmanship.

Jewelry in the Indus Valley Civilization:
Jewelry holds great significance in the Indus Valley Civilization and is among the most commonly found relics and artifacts of the Harappan society. Craftsmen in the civilization were skilled in creating a variety of jewelry items using different materials such as gold, silver, bronze, and various gemstones.

Materials Used in Jewelry:
The craft production centers in the Harappan Civilization used a wide range of materials to create jewelry. These materials included:

1. Carnelian: Carnelian, a type of red-orange gemstone, was commonly used in the Indus Valley Civilization to create beads, pendants, and other jewelry items. It was highly valued for its vibrant color and believed to possess protective and healing properties.

2. Jasper: Jasper, a type of opaque and colored gemstone, was also extensively used in the crafting of jewelry. It was used to create beads and seals, and its various colors added diversity to the jewelry collection.

3. Quartz: Quartz, a translucent or transparent gemstone, was another material favored by the Harappan craftsmen. It was used to create beads, amulets, and other decorative items.

Absence of Diamonds:
Although the Harappan civilization had access to a variety of gemstones, diamonds were not found at craft production centers in the region. This absence may be due to various factors, including limited availability or the preference for other gemstones during that time. It is important to note that the absence of diamonds does not diminish the craftsmanship and beauty of the jewelry created by the Harappan civilization.

In conclusion, while diamonds were not found at craft production centers in the Harappan Civilization, the craftsmen of this ancient civilization still created exquisite jewelry using materials such as carnelian, jasper, and quartz. These jewelry items provide valuable insights into the culture, artistic skills, and fashion preferences of the Indus Valley Civilization.