All questions of Indian Polity for UPSC CSE Exam

Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana is a campaign under the Government of India that was established for generating awareness and improving the efficiency of the welfare services intended for girls in India. This scheme was launched by PM Narendra Modi on 22 January 2015 which is run jointly by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Human Resource Development.

Rights against exploitation: Article 20-22

Effective Majority of the house means more than 50% of the effective strength of the house. This implies that out of the total strength, we deduct the vacant seats. When Indian Constitution mentions “all the then members”, that refers to the effective majority.

There is a provision for a joint sitting at the Parliamentary level between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, but there is NO provision for a joint sitting at the state level between assembly and council.

Judicial Powers and Functions -

Explanation:

2 Only
- Statement 1 is incorrect because both Sri Lanka and India have faced challenges to their democratic systems since independence. Sri Lanka, in particular, has experienced periods of political instability and conflict.
- Statement 2 is correct. Nepal is indeed a constitutional monarchy, where the monarch's powers are limited by a constitution.
- Statement 3 is incorrect. Pakistan has had a tumultuous political history with periods of military rule interspersed with democratic governments. It was only after the early 2000s that Pakistan saw more consistent democratic governance.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C) 2 Only.

Introduction:
The question asks which of the given systems is established on the basis of direct election. Let's analyze each option and determine the correct answer.

Explanation:
- Gram Panchayat: Gram Panchayat is the local self-government system in rural areas of India. It is the lowest level of Panchayati Raj system. Gram Panchayats are established on the basis of direct election, where the members are elected by the people of the village. They play a crucial role in the development and administration of the village. Therefore, option A is correct.

- Block Committee: Block Committee, also known as Panchayat Samiti, is the intermediate level of the Panchayati Raj system. It consists of elected representatives from various Gram Panchayats within a block. However, the members of the Block Committee are not directly elected by the people. They are elected by the members of the Gram Panchayats. Therefore, option B is incorrect.

- Zila Parishad: Zila Parishad is the highest level of the Panchayati Raj system. It is established at the district level and consists of elected representatives from various Block Committees within the district. Similar to the Block Committee, the members of Zila Parishad are not directly elected by the people. They are elected by the members of the Block Committees. Therefore, option C is incorrect.

Conclusion:
Based on the above explanation, it can be concluded that Gram Panchayat is the only system among the given options that is established on the basis of direct election. Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Pradhan Mantri Mahila Shakti Kendra scheme promotes community participation through involvement of Students Volunteers for empowerment of rural women. These are the Indian Government Schemes that work for the empowerment of the women in different spheres.

The correct answer is option B, Demos, Kratos.

Explanation:
Democracy is a form of government in which power is vested in the people. It is derived from two Greek terms: Demos and Kratos. Let's understand the meaning of these terms:

1. Demos:
Demos means "the people" or "the citizens" in Greek. It refers to the collective body of individuals who constitute a society or a community. In the context of democracy, it represents the idea that the ultimate power and authority should rest with the people.

2. Kratos:
Kratos means "rule" or "power" in Greek. It signifies the exercise of authority or governance. In the context of democracy, it symbolizes the principle of self-rule or the power of the people to govern themselves.

Combining the two terms, "Demos" and "Kratos," we get the word "Democracy," which literally means "rule by the people" or "government by the people."

Democracy as a Concept:
Democracy is not just a word but a concept that embodies the principles of popular sovereignty, equality, and participation. It is a system of government where decisions are made collectively and reflect the will of the majority. In a democratic society, citizens have the right to express their opinions, elect their representatives, and participate in the decision-making process.

Democracy in Practice:
Democracy can take various forms, such as direct democracy, representative democracy, or constitutional democracy. It has been practiced in different ways throughout history and across different countries. However, the core idea remains the same - the power lies with the people.

Conclusion:
The word "democracy" is derived from the Greek terms "Demos" and "Kratos," which mean "the people" and "rule" respectively. It represents the concept of self-governance and the idea that power should ultimately rest with the citizens. Democracy is a fundamental principle of many modern societies and is based on the values of popular sovereignty, equality, and participation.

Answer is D

A

Explanation:

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is a brief introductory statement that sets out the objectives and purposes of the Constitution. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India.

The language of the Preamble is inspired by the Constitution of Australia. However, the idea of including a Preamble in the Constitution was borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America.

The Preamble is a non-justiciable part of the Constitution, meaning that it cannot be enforced by a court of law. However, it serves as a guiding principle for the interpretation of the Constitution.

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution reads as follows:

"We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens:

Justice, social, economic and political;
Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
Equality of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
In our constituent assembly this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution."

Conclusion:

Thus, it can be concluded that the language of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is taken from the Constitution of Australia, but the idea of including a Preamble in the Constitution was borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America.

The correct answer is option 'D' - All of the above. Let's analyze each statement to understand why it is incorrect:

1. A significant component of his industrialization plans was the nuclear program initiated in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha.
This statement is correct. Homi J. Bhabha played a crucial role in the establishment of India's nuclear program. His vision and efforts laid the foundation for India's nuclear energy and atomic research.

2. India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful purposes.
This statement is correct. India's nuclear program was primarily aimed at generating atomic energy for peaceful purposes such as electricity generation, agriculture, and medicine. India has consistently advocated for the peaceful use of nuclear energy and has not shown any intentions of using it for military purposes.

3. So, he pleaded with the superpowers for comprehensive nuclear disarmament.
This statement is incorrect. While India has always been a proponent of nuclear disarmament and has called for global efforts towards it, there is no specific mention of Homi J. Bhabha pleading with superpowers for comprehensive nuclear disarmament. His focus was more on developing India's own nuclear program rather than disarmament negotiations.

In conclusion, statement 1 and 2 are correct, but statement 3 is incorrect. Hence, the correct answer is option 'D' - All of the above.

On 13 December, 1946, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru moved the objectives Resolution.

Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.- There shall be paid to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, and to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council, such salaries and allowances as may be respectively fixed by the Legislature of the State by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries and allowances as are specified in the Second Schedule.

The correct answer is option 'd) Neither 1 nor 2'.

Explanation:
The given statements are related to the Indian Parliament and its significance in the democratic system of India. Let us analyze each statement individually to understand why they are incorrect:

1. The Indian Parliament is an expression of the faith that the people of India have in principles of democracy:
This statement is incorrect. While it is true that the Indian Parliament is a key institution in the functioning of Indian democracy, it cannot be considered as an expression of the faith that people have in democratic principles. The Indian Parliament is not a direct expression of people's faith, but rather a representative body that is elected by the people to make decisions on their behalf. The faith in democratic principles is reflected in the process of electing representatives and the functioning of a democratic system as a whole.

2. The Parliament in our system has immense powers because it is the representative of the people:
This statement is also incorrect. While it is true that the Parliament is the representative body of the people, it does not possess immense powers solely because of this representation. The powers of the Parliament are defined and limited by the Constitution of India. The Parliament has powers to make laws, discuss and deliberate on important issues, and exercise control over the executive branch of the government. However, these powers are subject to checks and balances, and the Parliament cannot act arbitrarily or without regard to the Constitution and the principles of separation of powers.

Overall, neither of the given statements is correct. The Indian Parliament is an important institution in the democratic system of India, but it is not an expression of people's faith in democracy, and its powers are not unlimited solely based on representation. The functioning of the Indian Parliament is guided by constitutional provisions and democratic principles.

Supreme Court Review of Judgments:
- Yes, the Supreme Court can review its own judgments through a process known as a review petition. This allows parties to request a review of a judgment if they believe there has been a judicial error or an oversight in the decision. However, the grounds for review are limited and the court will not reconsider the merits of the case.

Scope of Judicial Review in the USA and India:
- The scope of judicial review in the USA is broader than that in India. In the USA, the Supreme Court has the power to review the constitutionality of laws passed by the legislature and actions taken by the executive branch. This allows the court to strike down laws that are found to be unconstitutional.
- In India, judicial review is also a part of the legal system, but it is more limited compared to the USA. The Indian Supreme Court can review laws and government actions to ensure they are in line with the Constitution, but the scope is narrower than in the USA. The court cannot strike down laws as easily as the US Supreme Court.
Therefore, both statements are true. The Supreme Court can review its own judgments, and the scope of judicial review in the USA is indeed broader than that in India.

It withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at economic and social well-being. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities. The entry and then increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own.

Kittiko-Hachchiko movement took place in the state of Karnataka in India during the 1980s.

Explanation:
The Kittiko-Hachchiko movement was a social movement that emerged in the state of Karnataka in the 1980s. It was led by the Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha (KRRS), a farmers' organization that aimed to address the issues faced by farmers in the region.

Under the leadership of M.D. Nanjundaswamy, the KRRS launched the Kittiko-Hachchiko movement to protest against the exploitation of farmers by moneylenders and middlemen. The movement aimed to create awareness about the plight of farmers and press for their rights and welfare.

The movement derived its name from the two slogans used by the KRRS. "Kittiko" means "reclaim what is rightfully yours" and "Hachchiko" means "become aware and fight for your rights". These slogans encapsulated the core objectives of the movement - to empower farmers and fight against exploitation.

During the movement, the KRRS organized rallies, protests, and demonstrations across various parts of Karnataka. They highlighted issues such as land reforms, fair prices for agricultural produce, access to credit, and the abolition of the moneylender system. The movement gained significant support from farmers and agricultural laborers who were struggling with poverty and debt.

The Kittiko-Hachchiko movement played a crucial role in bringing the issues faced by farmers to the forefront of public discourse. It also led to the formation of the Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha Party, a political party dedicated to championing the cause of farmers.

In conclusion, the Kittiko-Hachchiko movement took place in the state of Karnataka in India during the 1980s. It was a significant movement that aimed to address the issues faced by farmers and empower them in their fight against exploitation.

Explanation:

1. 21 years to be the minimum age for contesting elections to Panchayats:
This statement is correct as per the 73rd Amendment Act of the Constitution, which states that a person must be at least 21 years old to contest elections to Panchayats.

2. Reservation of one-fourth seats for women in Panchayats at all the three levels:
This statement is also correct as per the 73rd Amendment Act, which mandates the reservation of one-third of seats for women in Panchayats at all levels - village, intermediate, and district.

3. Panchayati-Raj election is conducted by the State Election Commission:
This statement is incorrect. Panchayati Raj elections are conducted by the State Election Commission in some states, while in other states, they are conducted by the State Election Commission concerned.

4. Direct elections to the post of Chairperson of Panchayats at the intermediate and district level:
This statement is incorrect. The Chairperson of Panchayats at the intermediate and district levels is elected indirectly by the elected members.

Therefore, the correct statements are 1 and 3.

The scheme will subsume the centrally sponsored schemes-Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) and the Senior Citizen Health Insurance Scheme (SCHIS).

Introduction:
The purpose of a constitution is to establish the fundamental principles, values, and framework for a country's governance. It serves as a guiding document that outlines the ideals, nature of the political system, and safeguards against potential abuses of power. The given options highlight key purposes of a constitution.

Explanation:

1. It lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country:
- A constitution often includes a preamble or an introductory statement that outlines the fundamental values and aspirations of the country.
- It expresses the ideals and principles that the nation strives to uphold, such as equality, justice, liberty, and democracy.
- These ideals shape the country's laws, policies, and governance structure.

2. It defines the nature of a country’s political system:
- A constitution establishes the framework for the political system of a country.
- It defines the structure and powers of the government, including the executive, legislature, and judiciary.
- It outlines the relationship between these branches and their respective roles and responsibilities.
- It may also specify the process for elections, appointment of officials, and the functioning of political institutions.

3. It prevents tyranny or domination by the majority over the minority:
- One of the essential purposes of a constitution is to safeguard individual rights and protect minority interests.
- It establishes a system of checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power by any branch of government or majority faction.
- Constitutional provisions, such as the separation of powers, judicial review, and the protection of fundamental rights, ensure that the rights and interests of all citizens are upheld and protected.

4. It helps to save us from ourselves:
- This option suggests that a constitution acts as a safeguard against our own human tendencies and potential for self-destructive behavior.
- By establishing clear rules, principles, and institutions, a constitution helps maintain stability, order, and progress.
- It ensures that decisions are made through established processes, preventing arbitrary actions or decisions based on momentary impulses or emotions.

Conclusion:
The constitution serves multiple purposes, including laying out ideals, defining the political system, preventing tyranny, and safeguarding against self-destructive behavior. It provides a framework for governance and ensures that the rights and interests of citizens are protected.

The correct answer is option 'D': 1, 2 and 3.

Explanation:
Public facilities are essential services provided by the government to the general public for their welfare and well-being. These facilities are intended to benefit a large number of people and are typically funded by the government. Let's analyze each statement in detail:

1. Electricity, public transport, schools are known as public facilities:
- This statement is correct. Electricity, public transport, and schools are examples of public facilities. Electricity is a basic necessity that is provided to households, businesses, and institutions for various purposes. Public transport includes buses, trains, trams, and other modes of transportation accessible to the general public. Schools are educational institutions where students receive formal education.

2. The important characteristic of a public facility is that once it is provided, its benefits can be shared by many people:
- This statement is correct. One of the key features of public facilities is that they are accessible to a large number of people. For example, when electricity is provided to a neighborhood, all households in that area can benefit from it. Similarly, public transport services are available to anyone who wishes to use them, and schools cater to the educational needs of a wide range of students.

3. One of the most important functions of the government is to ensure that public facilities are made available to everyone:
- This statement is correct. It is a crucial responsibility of the government to ensure that public facilities are provided to all sections of society. Governments invest in infrastructure development, such as electricity grids, transportation networks, and educational institutions, to ensure that these facilities are accessible to everyone. By doing so, the government promotes equality and enhances the overall quality of life for its citizens.

In conclusion, all three statements are correct. Public facilities such as electricity, public transport, and schools are essential for the well-being of society. Once provided, these facilities can be shared by many people, and it is the government's responsibility to ensure their availability to everyone.

The correct answer is option 'A': 1, 2, and 3.

Explanation:
Democratic countries all over the world face several challenges in applying the basic principles of democratic government, extending the federal principle, and deepening democracy. Let's discuss each of these challenges in detail.

1. Applying the basic principle of democratic government across all regions, different social groups, and various institutions:
- In many democratic countries, there is a lack of equal representation and participation of all regions and social groups. Some regions and social groups may be marginalized or excluded from the political process.
- Ensuring equal representation and participation requires efforts to address historical and social inequalities, promote inclusivity, and provide opportunities for marginalized groups to have a voice in decision-making processes.
- Countries need to establish mechanisms to ensure fair representation and participation, such as proportional representation systems, reservation policies, and affirmative action measures.

2. Extension of federal principle to all the units of the federation:
- Federal countries face the challenge of ensuring that the federal principle is extended to all units of the federation, including regions or states with diverse socio-cultural, economic, and political characteristics.
- This requires balancing the autonomy of the units with the need for a strong central government to maintain unity and coordination.
- In some cases, there may be tensions between the central government and regional governments, leading to conflicts and demands for greater autonomy or even secession.
- Effective federalism requires mechanisms for intergovernmental cooperation, power-sharing, and conflict resolution.

3. Deepening of democracy:
- Deepening democracy involves strengthening democratic institutions, processes, and values to ensure greater accountability, transparency, and citizen participation.
- This requires efforts to promote a culture of democracy, civic education, and awareness among citizens.
- Democratic countries need to address challenges such as corruption, lack of political will, and the influence of money and vested interests on the democratic process.
- Deepening democracy also involves ensuring the rule of law, protecting human rights, and promoting social justice.

In conclusion, democratic countries face challenges in applying the basic principles of democratic government, extending the federal principle, and deepening democracy. These challenges require efforts to promote inclusivity, address regional and social inequalities, establish mechanisms for intergovernmental cooperation, and strengthen democratic institutions and values.