All questions of Class 7 History for UPSC CSE Exam

Ananga Pala of Tomara Rajputs first established his or her capital at Delhi.

Quran

• There are two sources from which history is written.
• They are Archaeological and Literary.
• The Archaeological Source is 1. Archaeological Remains and Monuments, 2. Inscriptions, 3. Coins. 
• The Literary Source is 1. Religious Literature, 2. Secular Literature, 3. Account of Foreigners that is Travelogue.

Yes , the option C is correct , And it was a painting of 1590 by Babur supervising the works layed out by chahar bagh in Kabul .

Quwwat ul Islam Masjid is in Delhi

**Explanation:**

The Peacock Throne was indeed looted by Nadir Shah, making option B the correct answer. Here is a detailed explanation of how and why the Peacock Throne came into Nadir Shah's possession:

**The Peacock Throne:**
The Peacock Throne was a magnificent throne made for the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century. It was adorned with precious gems, including rubies, diamonds, emeralds, and pearls, and was named for the life-sized peacocks that stood behind it, their tails dazzling with gemstones.

**Nadir Shah's Invasion:**
In the early 18th century, Nadir Shah, the ruler of Persia (present-day Iran), launched a military campaign to conquer vast territories, including the Mughal Empire in India. He sought to plunder the wealth and treasures of the Mughals, which included the Peacock Throne.

**The Battle of Karnal:**
Nadir Shah's invasion culminated in the Battle of Karnal in 1739. The Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah was defeated, and Nadir Shah's army captured Delhi. The victorious Persian army then went on a rampage, looting and plundering the city.

**Looting of the Peacock Throne:**
During the sacking of Delhi, Nadir Shah's soldiers plundered the Mughal treasury and seized numerous valuable items, including the Peacock Throne. The throne's precious gems and jewels were torn off and carried away, leaving behind only the gold structure.

**Nadir Shah's Return to Persia:**
After the looting, Nadir Shah returned to Persia with his spoils, including the Peacock Throne. The throne was dismantled, and the precious stones were distributed among his soldiers and nobles.

**Fate of the Peacock Throne:**
The fate of the Peacock Throne's individual pieces remains unclear. Some gems were sold or traded, while others were passed down through generations. Over time, the gems from the Peacock Throne became scattered across different collections and private hands.

**Conclusion:**
In conclusion, the Peacock Throne was indeed looted by Nadir Shah during his invasion of the Mughal Empire. The throne, known for its exquisite beauty and valuable gemstones, was dismantled and its precious gems distributed among Nadir Shah's soldiers and nobility. Today, the fate of the Peacock Throne's individual pieces remains a mystery, with its gems scattered across various collections.

The construction of the agra fort was started around 1565 , when the initial structures were built by the mughal emperor Akbar and subsequently taken over by his grandson Shah jahan, who added most of the marble creations to the fort.

Construction Activities Carried Out by the King:

• Bazaars: The king carried out the construction of bazaars. Bazaars are marketplaces where goods and services are exchanged. The king built these marketplaces to promote trade and commerce.


• Wells: The king also constructed wells. Wells are sources of water, and by building them, the king ensured that the people had access to clean and safe water for various purposes such as drinking, agriculture, and sanitation.


• Mosque: The king was involved in the construction of a mosque. Mosques are places of worship for Muslims, and by building a mosque, the king provided a sacred space for prayer and religious activities for the community.

Construction Activity Not Carried Out by the King:

• Large Mansion of Merchants: The construction of a large mansion of merchants was not carried out by the king. This implies that the king did not personally oversee the construction of a grand residential building specifically for merchants.

Therefore, the correct answer is C: Large mansion of merchants.

Celebration of Navaratri at Hampi

Navaratri is one of the most important festivals celebrated at Hampi. It is a nine-night festival dedicated to the worship of the Hindu goddess Durga. The festival signifies the victory of good over evil and is celebrated with great enthusiasm and devotion.

Historical Significance of Navaratri at Hampi

Hampi, located in the southern state of Karnataka, was once the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. The empire was known for its rich cultural heritage and patronage of the arts. During the reign of the Vijayanagara kings, Navaratri was celebrated with grandeur and splendor. The festival was marked by elaborate processions, music, dance, and religious rituals. It was a time of joy and celebration for the people of Hampi.

Religious Significance of Navaratri

Navaratri is dedicated to the worship of Goddess Durga, who is the embodiment of divine power and strength. The festival is celebrated to honor and seek the blessings of the goddess. Each day of the festival is dedicated to a different form of the goddess, and prayers and rituals are performed to invoke her divine presence. The nine nights of Navaratri are believed to be a time of spiritual purification and renewal.

Celebrations during Navaratri at Hampi

During Navaratri, the entire town of Hampi comes alive with festivities. The temples are beautifully decorated with flowers and lights, and devotees throng to offer prayers and seek blessings. Colorful processions are taken out, with people dressed in traditional attire and carrying idols of the goddess. The air is filled with the sounds of devotional music and the beats of drums. Dance performances, known as Garba and Dandiya, are also organized, where people participate with great enthusiasm.

Conclusion

Navaratri is a significant festival celebrated at Hampi, which holds historical and religious importance. The festival brings people together in celebration and devotion, creating a vibrant and festive atmosphere in the town. It is a time of joy, worship, and cultural expression, and continues to be an integral part of the cultural heritage of Hampi.

The Banjaras were the most important trader nomads. Sultan Alauddin Khalji used the Banjaras to transport grain to the city markets. Emperor Jahangir wrote in his memoirs that the Banjaras carried grain on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns. They transported food grain for the Mughal army during military campaigns. With a large army there could be 100,000 bullocks carrying grain.

Books Before and After The Gutenberg Bible. For approximately 4,500 years before Gutenberg invented the printing press, books were produced by hand. They were written on surfaces of clay, papyrus, wax, and parchment.

The correct answer is option 'D' - Hinduism. The Ahom people are an ethnic group indigenous to the northeastern state of Assam in India. They have a rich cultural heritage and their religious beliefs have played a significant role in shaping their identity. Hinduism is the predominant religion followed by the Ahoms, and it holds a deep influence on their customs, rituals, and social practices.

Religious Beliefs of Ahoms:
- The Ahom people primarily follow a form of Hinduism known as Ahom Dharma, which is a blend of local tribal beliefs and Hindu practices.
- Ahom Dharma has its roots in the ancient traditions of the Ahom kingdom, which was established in the 13th century.
- The Ahom kings, known as Chaopha, were believed to be descendants of Lord Shiva, and they played a crucial role in promoting and preserving the Hindu faith among their subjects.
- The Ahom pantheon of deities includes various Hindu gods and goddesses such as Shiva, Durga, Vishnu, and Hanuman. These deities are worshipped in elaborate rituals and festivals.
- The Ahom people also believe in the concept of karma, reincarnation, and the cycle of birth and death, which are central tenets of Hindu philosophy.

Influence on Culture and Customs:
- Hinduism has deeply influenced the cultural practices and traditions of the Ahom people. It is reflected in their festivals, music, dance, and art forms.
- Bihu, the most important festival of Assam, is celebrated by the Ahoms with great enthusiasm. It is a harvest festival that combines Hindu rituals with traditional folk dances and songs.
- The Ahoms also practice various Hindu rituals such as marriage ceremonies, thread ceremonies, and funeral rites, which are integral parts of their social and religious life.
- The Ahom kings built numerous temples dedicated to Hindu deities, which served as centers of religious and cultural activities. These temples, such as the Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati, are revered by both Ahoms and other Hindu communities.

Conclusion:
In summary, the Ahom people primarily follow Hinduism, which has shaped their religious beliefs, cultural practices, and social customs. Ahom Dharma, a unique blend of tribal traditions and Hindu rituals, is an important aspect of their identity. The influence of Hinduism can be seen in their festivals, temple architecture, and daily life, making it an integral part of the Ahom community.

Option A

**Insight into the Technologies Used for Construction**

Monuments are not just mere structures; they are a reflection of the society, culture, and technological advancements of a particular era. They serve as a window into the past, providing valuable insights into the construction techniques and technologies employed by our ancestors. By studying these ancient structures, historians, archaeologists, and architects can unravel valuable information about the engineering skills, tools, and materials used in their construction. This knowledge helps us understand the evolution of construction techniques and the progress made over time.

**Building Materials**

One of the key aspects that monuments reveal is the type of building materials used during their construction. Different regions have different natural resources, and this often influenced the choice of materials. For example, ancient Egyptian monuments like the pyramids were constructed using limestone, while the Romans used concrete extensively in their architectural marvels. By understanding the materials used, we can gain insights into the availability of resources and the technological advancements made in materials science.

**Architectural Design and Engineering**

Monuments also provide valuable insights into architectural design and engineering practices of the past. The intricate carvings, the use of domes, arches, and columns, and the structural stability of these ancient structures provide evidence of the knowledge and skills possessed by ancient civilizations. For example, the Taj Mahal in India is an architectural masterpiece that showcases the use of symmetry, balance, and intricate detailing. By studying such monuments, architects and engineers can learn from the past and apply these principles in modern construction.

**Construction Techniques**

Monuments often showcase the construction techniques employed by ancient civilizations. The precision in stone-cutting, the use of mortar, the methods of laying bricks or stones, and the architectural innovations employed during construction are all evident in these structures. For instance, the construction techniques used by the Incas in Machu Picchu, such as the use of tight-fitting stones without the need for mortar, are still admired today. By studying these techniques, we can gain insights into the skills and knowledge possessed by ancient builders.

**Conclusion**

Monuments are not just symbols of architectural beauty and historical significance; they serve as valuable repositories of knowledge about the technologies and techniques used in their construction. By studying these structures, we can gain insights into the engineering skills, building materials, and construction practices of the past. This knowledge is crucial for understanding our history, preserving ancient structures, and furthering the progress in the field of architecture and engineering.

Pushkar Lake is located in the city of Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. It is one of the most sacred lakes in India and is considered to be a holy site for Hindus. The lake is surrounded by 52 ghats, or steps, where pilgrims come to take a dip in the holy water. Here's a breakdown of why the correct answer is Ajmer:

Location of Pushkar Lake
- Pushkar Lake is located in the city of Ajmer, which is in the state of Rajasthan in India.
- Ajmer is known for its historical significance and is home to many important religious sites.

Importance of Pushkar Lake
- Pushkar Lake is considered to be one of the most sacred lakes in India.
- It is believed that a dip in the holy water of the lake can wash away sins and bring salvation.
- The lake is surrounded by 52 ghats, where pilgrims come to take a dip in the holy water.

Connection to Hinduism
- Pushkar Lake is a holy site for Hindus and is mentioned in many ancient Hindu scriptures.
- According to Hindu mythology, the lake was created by Lord Brahma, one of the three main gods in Hinduism.
- The city of Pushkar, which is located near the lake, is home to the only temple in the world dedicated to Lord Brahma.

In conclusion, Pushkar Lake is located in the city of Ajmer, Rajasthan, India, and is considered to be one of the most sacred lakes in India. It is a holy site for Hindus and is believed to have been created by Lord Brahma. The lake is surrounded by 52 ghats, where pilgrims come to take a dip in the holy water.

Here the most appropriate option is temple dancer .

But actually they are worked to as a ___ worker .

Matlab ki in ladkiyon ko unke maa ba@ap se alag kar bhagwan ke naam par unka galat tarike se soshad kiya jata tha .

Isleye isko ab ban kiya gaya hai .

Amritsar is in Punjab....

B

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.

Durgawati was the daughter of Salbahan, the Chandel Rajput raja.

Salbahan, the Chandel Rajput raja:
- Salbahan was a ruler belonging to the Chandel dynasty, which was a prominent Rajput dynasty in central India during the medieval period.
- The Chandel dynasty ruled over the region of Bundelkhand, which is now part of present-day Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
- The Chandel rulers were known for their patronage of art, architecture, and literature, and their empire flourished during the 9th to 13th centuries.

Durgawati, daughter of Salbahan:
- Durgawati was the daughter of Salbahan and belonged to the Chandel Rajput royal family.
- She was born in the 16th century and was married to Dalpat, who was also from the Chandel dynasty.
- Durgawati's marriage to Dalpat strengthened the political alliances between the Chandel dynasty and other Rajput clans.
- After her father's death, Durgawati's husband Dalpat became the ruler of the Chandel dynasty.

Durgawati's reign:
- Unfortunately, Durgawati's husband Dalpat died a few years after becoming the ruler, and Durgawati was left as the regent for their infant son, Bir Narayan.
- Durgawati showed immense courage and determination in protecting her kingdom from external threats, especially from the Mughal emperor Akbar.
- Akbar had been expanding his empire and had set his sights on capturing the territories of the Chandel dynasty.
- Durgawati fiercely resisted Akbar's forces and led her troops in battle, but ultimately, her outnumbered forces were defeated.
- Rather than surrendering, Durgawati chose to take her own life to protect her honor, becoming a symbol of bravery and sacrifice.

In conclusion, Durgawati was the daughter of Salbahan, the Chandel Rajput raja. She played a significant role in defending her kingdom against the Mughal forces and is remembered as a courageous and valiant ruler.

Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor of India, died in 1707. Here's a brief explanation of the events leading up to his death:

Ruling Period: 1658-1707
Aurangzeb ruled India for almost 50 years, from 1658 to 1707. During his reign, he expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent, but also faced several challenges, including rebellions, wars, and economic difficulties.

Health Issues:
In his later years, Aurangzeb suffered from a variety of health problems, including a chronic kidney disease, which caused him great pain and discomfort. Despite his failing health, he continued to rule with an iron fist, refusing to name a successor and maintaining a strict adherence to Islamic law.

Death:
On March 3, 1707, Aurangzeb died at the age of 88 in the city of Ahmadnagar, where he had been stationed during one of his military campaigns. His body was transported to the Mughal capital of Agra, where he was buried in a simple tomb in the courtyard of the Badshahi mosque.

After his death, the Mughal Empire began to decline rapidly, as his successors were unable to maintain the vast territories he had conquered and faced increasing opposition from various groups, including the British East India Company.

Explanation:

In ancient Indian society, the Brahmanas, or priestly class, played a significant role in shaping social rules and rituals. They prescribed a hierarchical social structure that divided people into numerous unequal classes based on their birth and occupation. However, not all societies in ancient India followed these prescribed social rules and rituals. These societies, which did not conform to the Brahmanical norms, are often referred to as tribes.

Reasons for not following the prescribed social rules:

There are several reasons why many societies in ancient India did not adhere to the social rules and rituals prescribed by the Brahmanas:

1. Geographical and cultural diversity: Ancient India had a vast and diverse geographical landscape, with different regions having their own distinct cultures and traditions. Some societies, particularly those living in remote and isolated areas, developed their own social customs and practices, which were often different from those prescribed by the Brahmanas.

2. Economic activities: The social structure prescribed by the Brahmanas was primarily based on occupation. However, not all societies engaged in the occupations that were traditionally associated with the four varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras). Tribes, for example, often relied on hunting, gathering, and pastoralism for their livelihoods, which did not fit into the Brahmanical occupational framework.

3. Interactions with other cultures: Ancient India had extensive trade networks and cultural exchanges with other regions, including Central Asia, China, and Southeast Asia. These interactions often led to the blending of different cultural practices, resulting in the emergence of new social norms that were distinct from the Brahmanical traditions.

The term 'tribes':

The term 'tribes' is commonly used to refer to these societies that did not follow the social rules and rituals prescribed by the Brahmanas. However, it is essential to note that the term 'tribe' is a colonial construct and can be problematic. It tends to homogenize diverse communities and overlook their unique cultural practices and identities. Therefore, it is crucial to use the term with caution and consider the specific characteristics and traditions of each society.

In conclusion, many societies in ancient India did not conform to the social rules and rituals prescribed by the Brahmanas. These societies, often referred to as tribes, developed their own social customs and practices based on factors such as geographical diversity, economic activities, and interactions with other cultures. It is important to acknowledge the uniqueness and diversity of these societies and avoid generalizations or stereotypes associated with the term 'tribe.'

English, Dutch and French

The correct answer is option 'B' - English, Dutch and French. These three European powers formed East India Companies to expand their commercial activities in the east.

English East India Company:
The English East India Company was established in 1600 by a group of English merchants. Initially, their main objective was to compete with the Portuguese and Spanish in the lucrative spice trade in the East Indies (present-day Indonesia). However, over time, the English East India Company expanded its operations and became one of the major players in the Indian subcontinent.

Dutch East India Company:
The Dutch East India Company, also known as the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), was formed in 1602. It was granted a monopoly on trade in the East Indies by the Dutch government. The Dutch were particularly interested in the spice trade and established various trading posts and colonies in the region, including Batavia (present-day Jakarta), which became their main base.

French East India Company:
The French East India Company, known as the Compagnie française des Indes orientales, was established in 1664. Like the English and Dutch companies, the French East India Company aimed to compete with the Portuguese and Dutch in the lucrative trade of spices, silk, and other valuable commodities from the East Indies. They established trading posts in India, including Pondicherry (present-day Puducherry) and Chandernagore (present-day Chandannagar), among others.

Reasons for Formation:
1. Profit and Trade: The primary motivation behind the formation of these East India Companies was to establish profitable trade routes and access valuable commodities from the east, such as spices, silk, tea, and textiles. The European powers saw immense economic potential in the East Indies and sought to tap into these markets.

2. Competition: The Portuguese, who were the first European power to establish trading posts in the east, had already gained a significant advantage. Therefore, other European powers saw the need to form their own companies to compete for trade and establish their presence in the region.

3. Monopoly and Control: The formation of these companies allowed European powers to establish monopolies and gain control over trade in the East Indies. They sought to exploit resources, establish colonies, and secure exclusive trading rights to maximize their profits.

Conclusion:
The English, Dutch, and French formed East India Companies to expand their commercial activities in the east. These companies played a crucial role in shaping the history of the Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia. They not only established trade routes but also had a significant impact on politics, culture, and society in the regions where they operated.

Sultan Iltutmish won universal respect for constructing a large reservoir just outside Dehli-i kuhna. It was called the hauz-i Sultani or the 'King's Reservoir'.

C

Zari is metal(gold and silver) embroidery on garments especially in sarees.Surat(Gujrat) is famous for its zari work.