All questions of Culture & History of India for Civil Engineering (CE) Exam

The National Flag of India is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron [kesaria] at the top, white in the middle & dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio of width of the flag to its length is 2 to 3. In the centre of the white band of the Indian National Flag, there is a navy blue wheel which represents the chakra. Its design is that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. Its diameter comes close to the width of the white band & it has twenty four spokes. The design of the National Flag of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947.

Bankim chandra wrote the national song

Nirvaan means lebratation from life cycle other all relate to spreading of religion hence a is right as I think

The Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, is an organisation dedicated to the promotion of literature in the languages of India. Founded on 12 March 1954, it is supported by, though independent of, the Indian government. It is in Rabindra Bhavan near Mandi House in Delhi.

Thillana is a format of Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu, India. It is a vibrant and rhythmic dance that is performed at the end of a Bharatanatyam recital. Thillana is a pure dance form that focuses on the use of intricate footwork and rhythmic movements.

The word 'Thillana' is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Thillai', which refers to the Thillai Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram. The Thillana is typically performed to fast-paced music, which is usually in the Carnatic music style. The music for Thillana is characterized by repetitive, fast-paced rhythms that are designed to showcase the dancer's skill and agility.

Thillana is a high-energy dance form that requires a lot of physical strength and stamina. The dancer must be able to execute complex footwork and intricate hand gestures with precision and grace. The dance form also requires the dancer to be able to maintain perfect timing and rhythm throughout the performance.

Thillana is known for its vibrant and colorful costumes, which often feature bright colors and intricate designs. The dancer's attire typically includes a flowing skirt or sari, along with jewelry and other accessories that help to accentuate the movements of the dance.

In conclusion, Thillana is a format of Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu, India. It is a pure dance form that focuses on the use of intricate footwork and rhythmic movements, and is typically performed at the end of a Bharatanatyam recital. Thillana is known for its fast-paced music, vibrant costumes, and high-energy movements, and requires a lot of skill and precision to perform.

Kathak is one of the main genres of ancient Indian classical dance and is traditionally regarded to have originated from the travelling bards of North India referred as Kathakars or storytellers. These Kathakars wandered around and communicated legendary stories via music, dance and songs quite like the early Greek theatre. The genre developed during the Bhakti movement, the trend of theistic devotion which evolved in medieval Hinduism. The Kathakars communicate stories through rhythmic foot movements, hand gestures, facial expressions and eye work. This performing art that incorporates legends from ancient mythology and great Indian epics, especially from the life of Lord Krishna became quite popular in the courts of North Indian kingdoms. Three specific forms of this genre that is three gharanas (schools), which mostly differ in emphasis given to footwork versus acting, are more famous namely, the Jaipur gharana, the Benaras gharana and the Lucknow gharana.

Rajesh Kumar

I think turko ahgan rule in indi alasted fro about 3 centuries as they were there in the time of rana pratap also the turkish king gaznavi invaded delhi long before that.

Boat Races in Festivals
Boat races are a special feature in the festival of Onam.
Explanation:
Boat races are an integral part of many festivals in India, and one such festival is Onam. Onam is a harvest festival celebrated in the state of Kerala. Boat races, known as Vallam Kali, are an important tradition during this festival. The races usually take place on the Pamba River and involve beautifully decorated boats called "chundan vallams."
Here is a detailed explanation of the festivals mentioned and why boat races are not a special feature in them:
A: Onam:
- Boat races, known as Vallam Kali, are a special feature of Onam.
- Vallam Kali involves races between traditional longboats known as "chundan vallams."
- These races are held on the Pamba River and attract large crowds of spectators.
B: Rongali Bihu:
- Rongali Bihu is a harvest festival celebrated in the Indian state of Assam.
- It is associated with the Assamese New Year and the onset of the agricultural season.
- While traditional cultural activities like dance and music are part of the festivities, boat races are not a special feature of Rongali Bihu.
C: Navratri:
- Navratri is a Hindu festival celebrated for nine nights in honor of the goddess Durga.
- It involves fasting, prayer, and dance performances known as Garba and Dandiya Raas.
- Boat races are not traditionally associated with Navratri.
D: Pongal:
- Pongal is a Tamil harvest festival celebrated in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
- It is a four-day festival that involves cooking a special dish called Pongal, decorating houses, and performing rituals.
- While Pongal does not include boat races as a special feature, it does involve other cultural activities such as bull races and traditional games.
Therefore, boat races are a special feature in the festival of Onam (option A) and not in Rongali Bihu (option B), Navratri (option C), or Pongal (option D).

The Treaty of Seringapatam(also called Srirangapatinam), signed 18 March 1792, ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Its signatories included Lord Cornwallis on behalf of the British East India Company, representatives of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Mahratta Empire, and Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore.

Explanation:

Dandia is a popular dance form that originated in the state of Gujarat, situated in the western part of India. It is a traditional dance form that is performed during the festival of Navratri. The dance is performed in a group, usually by men and women who form circles around a lamp or an idol of Goddess Durga.

Origin of Dandia:

The origin of Dandia can be traced back to the ancient times when Lord Krishna used to play the Ras Leela with the Gopis of Vrindavan. Dandia is believed to be a form of the Ras Leela that was later adapted by the people of Gujarat.

Performance of Dandia:

The dance is performed by holding small wooden sticks called Dandia in each hand. The performers move around in circles, striking their sticks together to the rhythm of the music. The dance is usually performed to the beat of a dhol or a drum, accompanied by other traditional instruments like the shehnai and the harmonium.

Significance of Dandia:

Dandia is not just a dance form, but it also has a spiritual significance. The dance is performed to celebrate the victory of good over evil and to worship Goddess Durga, who is believed to have defeated the demon Mahishasura.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Dandia is a traditional dance form that originated in Gujarat and is performed during the festival of Navratri. It is a way of celebrating the victory of good over evil and worshipping Goddess Durga. The dance is not just a form of entertainment, but it also has a spiritual significance.

**The National Anthem was first sung in the year 1911**

The Indian National Anthem, known as "Jana Gana Mana," was composed by Rabindranath Tagore and was first sung on December 27, 1911. It was sung at the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta (now Kolkata) to celebrate the visit of King George V, the Emperor of India, to India.

**Background of the National Anthem**

Rabindranath Tagore, a renowned poet, philosopher, and musician, composed the National Anthem as a poem in Bengali language. It was originally written as a hymn to praise the Supreme Being. Tagore was inspired to write the poem when he visited the city of Shillong in 1905 and witnessed the struggle for independence against British rule.

**Performance at the Indian National Congress**

At the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1911, the poem was sung for the first time in public. The session was held at the iconic Calcutta Town Hall, which was packed with delegates and prominent leaders of the independence movement. Tagore himself performed the song on the piano, accompanied by a choir of school students.

**Significance of the Occasion**

The occasion was significant as it marked the first public performance of the National Anthem, which later became a symbol of unity and patriotism for the Indian people. The Anthem was sung with great enthusiasm and emotion by the audience, and it quickly gained popularity throughout the country.

**Adoption as the National Anthem**

After India gained independence in 1947, "Jana Gana Mana" was officially adopted as the National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950, by the Constituent Assembly. The decision to choose Tagore's composition as the National Anthem was driven by its universal appeal, poetic beauty, and the spirit of inclusivity it embodied.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, the National Anthem of India, "Jana Gana Mana," was first sung in the year 1911 at the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta. This event marked the beginning of its journey as a powerful symbol of unity and patriotism for the Indian people.

We can identify greek connections as the coins issued by kharoshti rulers had their name writen in greek 

As a heaven for the nature lovers, this state offers the kaleidoscope of both Indian civilization and culture.  It is also known as the Gateway. It is otherwise called Gangadwar, Mayapuri and Kapila. Most of the followers of both Vishnu and Shiva pronounce this state named Haridwar.

The ‘Natya Shastra' is the oldest surviving ancient indian work on performing arts. The author of ‘Natya Shastra' is unknown, and the Hindu tradition attributes it to the Rishi Bharata ( Bharata Muni ). It may be the work of several authors. Some names are found —Nara Muni, Abhinav Gupta, Tandu Muni.

Under the Government of India Act, 1935, each of the following Provincial Legislatures consisted of two chambers, except Punjab because the federal subjects were divided into reserved subjects and transferred subjects , out of 11 provinces only 6 of them got bicameralism.

Charter act 1853 introduced open competitive system for recruitment of civil servants.It was open for Indians also for the first time.

Answer:
Introduction:
The Vijayanagara ruler, Kirshnadev Raya, is known for his literary work called Amuktamalyada. It is important to note that the language in which this work was written is Telugu.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
1. Background:
- The Vijayanagara Empire was a prominent South Indian empire that flourished during the 14th to 17th centuries.
- Krishnadevaraya was one of the most famous rulers of this empire, known for his patronage of arts and literature.
2. Literary Work:
- Krishnadevaraya wrote a famous epic poem called Amuktamalyada, which means "The Giver of the Worn Garland."
- This work is a Telugu literary masterpiece and is considered one of the greatest contributions to Telugu literature.
3. Content and Theme:
- Amuktamalyada is a retelling of the story of the marriage of the Hindu god Ranganatha (Lord Vishnu) with the princess Goda (Andal).
- The poem explores themes of devotion, love, and the significance of rituals in Hinduism.
- It also highlights the importance of virtue and righteousness in personal and social life.
4. Language:
- The work Amuktamalyada was written in Telugu, which is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
- Telugu has a rich literary tradition and has been the language of many great works of literature throughout history.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Vijayanagara ruler Kirshnadev Raya's literary work Amuktamalyada was written in Telugu, a Dravidian language. This work is highly regarded in Telugu literature and reflects the cultural and literary achievements of the Vijayanagara Empire.

The correct answer is option 'C': Pattinappalai.

Pattinappalai is a Tamil epic poem written by the poet Nakkeerar. It is one of the eight anthologies of ancient Tamil poetry known as the Eight Anthologies or Ettuthokai. The poem is a part of the Sangam literature, which is considered to be the oldest known literature in Tamil.

Karikala Chola was a legendary Tamil king who ruled over the Chola dynasty during the Sangam period. He is known for his military conquests and his patronage of the arts. Pattinappalai, also known as 'The Pattinam Poem', is a eulogy dedicated to Karikala Chola and his victories.

Here is a detailed explanation of how the victories of Karikala are well portrayed in Pattinappalai:

1. Historical Context:
- Pattinappalai provides valuable insights into the historical context of Karikala Chola's reign.
- It describes the political and social conditions of the time and highlights the significance of Karikala's victories in establishing the Chola dynasty's dominance.

2. Description of Victories:
- Pattinappalai vividly portrays Karikala's military achievements and conquests.
- It describes his successful campaigns against various enemies, including the Pandya and Chera kings.
- The poem highlights his strategic planning, leadership qualities, and bravery on the battlefield.

3. Symbolism and Imagery:
- Pattinappalai uses symbolism and vivid imagery to portray Karikala's victories.
- It compares his military exploits to the movements of powerful animals, such as elephants and lions, emphasizing his strength and ferocity.
- The poem also uses natural imagery to describe the landscapes of conquered territories, showcasing the extent of Karikala's dominion.

4. Cultural and Economic Development:
- Pattinappalai also highlights the cultural and economic development that took place during Karikala's reign.
- It describes the prosperity of the Chola kingdom under his rule, with flourishing trade, agriculture, and arts.
- The poem praises Karikala's patronage of poets and artists, indicating his support for the growth of literature and culture.

In conclusion, Pattinappalai effectively portrays the victories of Karikala Chola and provides valuable insights into his reign. It celebrates his military achievements, showcases his leadership qualities, and highlights the cultural and economic development of the Chola dynasty during his rule.

Answer is A

Title given to Mahatma Gandhi by British Government during non-cooperation movement

Background:
Mahatma Gandhi was one of the most prominent leaders of India's freedom struggle. He led several movements against the British rule in India, including the non-cooperation movement. In this movement, he urged Indians to boycott British goods, institutions, and courts.

Title given by British Government:
The British government had conferred upon Mahatma Gandhi the title of "Kaiser-e-Hind" for his services to the British Empire during the Boer War in South Africa. However, during the non-cooperation movement, Mahatma Gandhi surrendered this title as a symbolic gesture of his opposition to the British rule in India. He urged other Indians to do the same.

Meaning of Kaiser-e-Hind:
The title "Kaiser-e-Hind" means "Emperor of India" in Urdu. It was a high honor bestowed upon individuals who had rendered exceptional services to the British Empire in India.

Significance of surrendering the title:
Mahatma Gandhi's decision to surrender the title of "Kaiser-e-Hind" was a powerful symbol of his opposition to the British rule in India. It sent a message to other Indians that they should not cooperate with the British government or accept any honors or titles conferred upon them by the British. It also demonstrated Mahatma Gandhi's commitment to the cause of Indian independence and his willingness to make personal sacrifices for it.

Conclusion:
Surrendering the title of "Kaiser-e-Hind" was a significant moment in India's freedom struggle. It demonstrated Mahatma Gandhi's commitment to the cause of Indian independence and inspired other Indians to join the non-cooperation movement.

Battle of Peshawar, was fought on 27 November 1001 between the Ghaznavid army of Sultan Mahmud bin Sebuktigin (Mahmud of Ghazni) and the Hindu Shahi army of Jayapala, near Peshawar. Jayapala was defeated and captured, and as a result of the humiliation of the defeat, he later immolated himself in a funeral pyre.

Tolkappiyam and Its Association with Sangam Periods

Tolkappiyam is a Tamil grammar text that is considered one of the earliest and most important works of Tamil literature. It is divided into three sections, namely Ezhuttadikaram, Soladikaram, and Poruladikaram, which deal with the topics of phonetics, grammar, and rhetoric, respectively. The text is believed to have been written by the poet-scholar Tolkappiyar, who lived during the Sangam period of Tamil history.

The Sangam period is a period of Tamil history that is associated with the development of Tamil literature and culture. It is divided into three periods, namely the First Sangam period (300 BCE-200 CE), the Second Sangam period (200 CE-600 CE), and the Third Sangam period (600 CE-900 CE). The Sangam period was characterized by the patronage of kings and chieftains to poets and scholars, who composed works in various genres such as poetry, grammar, music, and philosophy.

Tolkappiyam is associated with the Second Sangam period, which is considered the golden age of Tamil literature. During this period, many important works of Tamil literature were composed, including the five great epics, namely Silappatikaram, Manimekalai, Civaka Cintamani, Valayapathi, and Kundalakesi. The Second Sangam period was also marked by the emergence of the bhakti movement, which emphasized devotion to God and the importance of ethical conduct.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Tolkappiyam is a Tamil grammar text that is associated with the Second Sangam period of Tamil history. This period is considered the golden age of Tamil literature, and it produced many important works of poetry, grammar, music, and philosophy. Tolkappiyam is an important work of Tamil literature that has had a lasting impact on the development of Tamil language and culture.

The correct answer is option 'B' - Sangeet Akademi.

Explanation:
Sangeet Akademi, or the National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama, is responsible for fostering the development of dance, drama, and music in India. Let's explore more about Sangeet Akademi and its role in promoting these art forms in the country.

1. Establishment and Mandate:
Sangeet Akademi was established in 1953 by the Government of India as an autonomous body. It functions as the apex national organization for the promotion and preservation of Indian classical music, dance, and drama.

2. Objectives:
The main objectives of Sangeet Akademi are:
- Promoting the growth and development of Indian music, dance, and drama.
- Preserving and documenting traditional and contemporary forms of performing arts.
- Recognizing and honoring excellence in the field of music, dance, and drama.
- Encouraging research and publications in the field of performing arts.
- Collaborating with national and international organizations to promote cultural exchange.

3. Activities and Initiatives:
Sangeet Akademi carries out various activities and initiatives to fulfill its objectives:
- Organizing festivals, concerts, and performances across the country to promote Indian music, dance, and drama.
- Conducting workshops, seminars, and conferences to facilitate the exchange of ideas and knowledge among artists, scholars, and enthusiasts.
- Granting scholarships and fellowships to support talented artists and students in pursuing their education and training in performing arts.
- Awarding prestigious titles, such as Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships and Awards, to recognize and honor exceptional artists, scholars, and gurus.
- Publishing books, journals, and research papers related to Indian music, dance, and drama.
- Collaborating with other cultural organizations, both within India and abroad, to promote cultural exchange and create opportunities for artists to showcase their talent.

4. Impact and Significance:
Sangeet Akademi plays a crucial role in preserving and promoting the rich cultural heritage of India. It has contributed significantly to the growth and recognition of Indian classical music, dance, and drama both domestically and internationally. The organization's initiatives have provided a platform for artists to showcase their talent, facilitated the exchange of ideas and knowledge, and encouraged the younger generation to take up these traditional art forms.

In conclusion, Sangeet Akademi is responsible for fostering the development of dance, drama, and music in India. Through its various activities and initiatives, the organization promotes and preserves the rich cultural heritage of Indian classical music, dance, and drama, while also recognizing and honoring exceptional artists and scholars in the field.

Deva Raya I was the king of Vijaynagar empire. He was very capable ruler of Vijaynagar. He modernized the Vijaynagar army by improving the cavalry, employed skilled archers of the Turkish clan and raised the fighting capacity of his bowmen.

The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between the English East India Company and Tipu Sultan on 11 March 1784. This treaty brought an end to the Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784) which was fought between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company.

Details of the Treaty:

The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between the British East India Company and Tipu Sultan. The key provisions of the treaty were:

1. Mutual Return of Territory: Both parties agreed to restore to each other all territories, forts and places that had been captured during the war.

2. Prisoners of War: All prisoners of war on both sides were to be released without any ransom or payment.

3. Alliance: Both parties agreed to enter into an alliance against any common enemy.

4. Compensation: The British East India Company agreed to pay Tipu Sultan a sum of three lakhs of rupees as compensation for the expenses incurred during the war.

5. Status Quo: The treaty established a status quo ante bellum, which means that the situation that existed before the war was restored.

Significance of the Treaty:

The Treaty of Mangalore was significant for several reasons:

1. It brought an end to the Second Anglo-Mysore War, which had been a long and protracted conflict.

2. It established peace and restored the status quo ante bellum.

3. It recognized the power and sovereignty of Tipu Sultan and the Kingdom of Mysore.

4. It paved the way for a period of relative peace and stability in the region.

Conclusion:

The Treaty of Mangalore was an important milestone in the history of India, as it brought an end to a long and bitter war and established peace and stability in the region. It also recognized the power and sovereignty of Tipu Sultan and the Kingdom of Mysore.

Lucknow, in Uttar Pradesh (India), is the centre of chikankari , a skill of more than 200 years old. It literally means 'embroidery'. It was originally done with a white thread on a white cloth, hence the name 'white embroidery'. Now, it is done on a variety of fabrics and in a spectrum of colours.

Velu Thampi and the Revolt in Travancore

In the state of Travancore, Velu Thampi Dalawa led a revolt against the British East India Company in the early 19th century. Here is a detailed explanation of the events surrounding this revolt:

Background:
- Velu Thampi Dalawa was the Dewan of Travancore during the reign of Maharaja Bala Rama Varma.
- The British East India Company had gained significant control over various princely states in India, including Travancore.

Causes of the Revolt:
- The British imposed heavy taxes and demanded more control over the administration of Travancore.
- Velu Thampi Dalawa, along with other local leaders, felt that the British were encroaching on Travancore's sovereignty and cultural autonomy.

Revolt Led by Velu Thampi:
- Velu Thampi Dalawa organized a rebellion against the British in 1808.
- He mobilized local forces and launched attacks on British establishments in Travancore.
- The revolt continued for several months, with Velu Thampi leading the resistance against British forces.

Outcome:
- Despite initial successes, Velu Thampi Dalawa's revolt was eventually suppressed by the British.
- Velu Thampi committed suicide in 1809 to avoid capture by the British authorities.
- The revolt, however, inspired future freedom fighters in Kerala and is remembered as a significant moment in the resistance against British colonial rule.

In conclusion, Velu Thampi Dalawa's revolt in Travancore was a valiant attempt to resist British dominance and protect the sovereignty of the princely state. Though ultimately unsuccessful, it remains an important chapter in the history of India's struggle for independence.

"Satyameva Jayate"  is a mantra from the ancient Indian scripture Mundaka Upanishad. Following the independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto of India in 26 January 1950.

The use of Spinning Wheel (Charkha) in India

Introduction:
The spinning wheel or Charkha is a simple device used for spinning thread or yarn from natural fibers such as cotton, wool, or silk. It played a significant role in India's struggle for independence and was popularized by Mahatma Gandhi as a symbol of self-reliance and economic independence.

History:
The spinning wheel was first mentioned in Indian literature during the 14th century AD. It was widely used by the people of India, especially in rural areas for spinning cotton and silk. The spinning wheel was also used in the textile industry for weaving fabrics.

Significance:
The spinning wheel became a symbol of India's self-reliance and economic independence during the British rule. Mahatma Gandhi encouraged people to use the spinning wheel as a way of boycotting British goods and promoting Indian-made products. He believed that by spinning their own cloth, Indians could become self-sufficient and break free from the British economic system.

Impact:
The use of the spinning wheel gained popularity during the early 20th century, and it became a symbol of India's nationalist movement. The spinning wheel was even included in the Indian flag adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India in 1947.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the spinning wheel or Charkha has played a significant role in India's history and is still used today in rural areas for spinning natural fibers. It is a symbol of self-reliance, economic independence, and India's struggle for independence.

The correct answer is option 'C' - Pali.

Explanation:
Gautama Buddha, also known as Siddhartha Gautama, was the founder of Buddhism. He lived in ancient India during the 6th to 4th centuries BCE. The discourses of Gautama Buddha were primarily delivered in the Pali language.

1. The Pali language:
Pali is a Middle Indo-Aryan language that originated in the Indian subcontinent. It is derived from Sanskrit and is closely related to the languages spoken in the region during Gautama Buddha's time. Pali became the language of early Buddhist literature and is considered the canonical language of Theravada Buddhism.

2. Use of Pali by Gautama Buddha:
Gautama Buddha is believed to have spoken in the language of the common people during his discourses. This choice of language, known as Magadhi, was prevalent in the region of Magadha, which is present-day Bihar in India. However, the discourses were later transcribed into Pali and became a significant part of Buddhist scriptures.

3. Importance of Pali in Buddhism:
Pali is considered a sacred language in Buddhism as it contains the Tripitaka, the earliest and most authoritative collection of Buddhist scriptures. The Tripitaka consists of three sections: the Vinaya Pitaka (rules for monastic discipline), the Sutta Pitaka (discourses of Gautama Buddha), and the Abhidhamma Pitaka (philosophical analysis).

4. Transmission of Pali texts:
After Gautama Buddha's passing, his teachings were transmitted orally by his disciples. These teachings were eventually compiled and written down in the Pali language. The Pali Canon, also known as the Tipitaka, is a vast collection of Buddhist scriptures that serves as a fundamental reference for Theravada Buddhism.

In conclusion, the language of the discourses of Gautama Buddha was Pali. This language, derived from Sanskrit, became the medium through which his teachings were preserved and later became an essential part of Buddhist literature.

Title of Viceroy added to Governor-General of India in 1858 AD

Background:
The British East India Company had been ruling India since the 18th century. However, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Crown took over the administration of India from the Company. As a result, the office of the Governor-General of India was transformed into that of the Viceroy of India.

Explanation:
The title of Viceroy was added to the office of the Governor-General of India in 1858 AD. Lord Canning was the first person to hold the title of Viceroy. The change in title reflected the shift in power from the East India Company to the British Crown.

The Viceroy was the representative of the British monarch in India and was responsible for the administration of the country. He had wide-ranging powers and was assisted by a council of advisors.

The title of Viceroy was used until India gained independence in 1947. The last Viceroy of India was Lord Mountbatten.

Significance:
The addition of the title of Viceroy to the office of the Governor-General of India was an important step in the history of British India. It signaled the end of the East India Company's rule and the beginning of direct British rule over India.

The Viceroy was responsible for many important decisions, including the partition of Bengal in 1905 and the transfer of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. The office of the Viceroy also played a key role in the negotiations leading up to India's independence in 1947.

Overall, the title of Viceroy was an important symbol of British power in India and played a significant role in shaping the country's history.

Introduction:
Vikramaditya, a king of Ujjain, is known for his intelligence, bravery, and victories. He started the Vikrama samvat in 58 BC to commemorate his victory over the Sakas.

Who were the Sakas:
The Sakas were a group of nomadic tribes who migrated from Central Asia to India. They were known for their military skills and ruled over parts of India from 2nd century BC to 4th century AD. They were also known as Scythians and were one of the major challengers to the Mauryan Empire.

Reason behind starting Vikrama Samvat:
Vikramaditya defeated the Sakas in a battle and established his rule over Ujjain. To commemorate his victory, he started the Vikrama Samvat in 58 BC. The Vikrama Samvat is a lunar calendar and is still used in parts of India, especially in North India.

Significance of Vikrama Samvat:
The Vikrama Samvat is used as an official calendar in Nepal and is also used in some parts of India. The calendar is based on the phases of the moon and has 12 months of different lengths. It is similar to the Hindu calendar and is used to determine the dates of festivals and other important events.

Conclusion:
Vikramaditya's victory over the Sakas and the starting of the Vikrama Samvat is a significant event in Indian history. The Vikrama Samvat is still used in parts of India and Nepal and is a testament to the enduring legacy of Vikramaditya.

Troops Raised by the Emperor

The troops raised by the emperor but not paid directly by the state were known as Dakhili. These troops were placed under the charge of mansabadars, who were appointed by the emperor. The mansabadars were responsible for maintaining and commanding the troops.

Role of Mansabadars

The mansabadars were the holders of rank or office in the Mughal Empire. They were appointed by the emperor and were responsible for various administrative and military duties. The mansabadars were given jagirs, which were revenue assignments that provided them with an income. They were also responsible for maintaining a certain number of troops, which were placed under their charge.

Duties of Dakhili Troops

The Dakhili troops were responsible for maintaining law and order within the empire. They were also used for military campaigns and expeditions. The Dakhili troops were well-equipped with firearms and other weapons, and were trained in the art of warfare.

Difference Between Dakhili and Other Troops

The Dakhili troops were different from other troops in the Mughal Empire. The other troops were known as Walashahi, Barawardi, and Cumaki. The Walashahi troops were paid directly by the state and were under the charge of the governor. The Barawardi troops were raised by the emperor and were paid directly by the state. The Cumaki troops were soldiers who were recruited from the local population and were used for local defence.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the troops raised by the emperor but not paid directly by the state were known as Dakhili troops. These troops were placed under the charge of mansabadars, who were responsible for maintaining and commanding them. The Dakhili troops played an important role in maintaining law and order within the empire and were also used for military campaigns and expeditions.

Bernier was a French physician and a traveller .He was a conservative politician.He believed that ownership misleads a person's and this denies him from liberal and developmental ideas.He travelled to Paradise of India with Aurangazeb in 1664.

Professions of Leaders who Struggled for Freedom of India

The leaders who played a significant role in the struggle for India's freedom belonged to various professions. These leaders, who fought against British colonial rule, came from diverse backgrounds but shared a common goal of liberating their country from foreign domination. The correct answer to the question is option 'D' - all of the above. Let's discuss each profession in detail:

a) Lawyers:
Many prominent leaders of the freedom movement were lawyers by profession. Their legal knowledge and expertise played a crucial role in shaping the movement and advocating for the rights of the Indian people. Some of the notable lawyer-leaders include Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. These leaders used their legal acumen to challenge unjust laws, defend freedom fighters in court, and fight for the rights of the Indian people.

b) Teachers:
Teachers also played a significant role in the freedom struggle. They were instrumental in spreading awareness, educating the masses, and instilling a sense of national pride and unity among the people. Many teachers actively participated in protests, public meetings, and organized movements against British rule. One of the most famous teacher-leaders was Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, who was not only an influential freedom fighter but also a renowned scholar and educationist.

c) Journalists:
Journalists and media professionals played a vital role in disseminating information, raising awareness, and mobilizing public opinion against colonial rule. They used newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, and other forms of media to highlight the injustices of British rule and inspire people to join the freedom movement. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai were not only freedom fighters but also renowned journalists who used their platforms to galvanize public support.

d) All of the above:
The correct answer to the question is 'D' - all of the above. The freedom movement in India was a collective effort involving individuals from various professions. Lawyers, teachers, and journalists played crucial roles in shaping public opinion, organizing protests, and providing leadership to the masses. The combined efforts of leaders from these professions, along with the support of countless others, eventually led to India's independence in 1947.

In conclusion, the leaders who struggled for the freedom of India belonged to diverse professions, including lawyers, teachers, and journalists. Their collective efforts and sacrifices paved the way for India's independence and continue to inspire generations to come.

Garba - The Folk Dance of Gujarat

Garba is a popular folk dance form of Gujarat, a state in western India. It is performed during the nine-day Hindu festival of Navratri, which celebrates the goddess Durga. Garba is also performed on other occasions such as weddings and cultural events.

History and Origin of Garba

Garba has its roots in the devotion of the goddess Amba, or Mother Earth, as well as the ancient fertility worship of the mother goddess, Shakti. The dance form is believed to have originated in the Gujarat region more than 500 years ago.

Costumes and Music of Garba

Garba is traditionally performed by women who wear colorful chaniya choli (long skirt and blouse) with lots of mirror work and embroidery. They also wear heavy jewelry and decorate their hair with flowers. Men wear kafni pyjamas with a short kurta and a colorful turban.

The dance is accompanied by live music played on traditional instruments such as dhol, tabla, and dholak. The songs are in the Gujarati language and praise the goddess and her various forms.

Steps and Movements of Garba

Garba is a circular dance performed around an earthen lamp called a Garba Deep. The dancers move in a clockwise direction, clapping their hands and tapping their feet to the beat of the music. The steps and movements are simple and repetitive, making it easy for anyone to participate.

Conclusion

Garba is not just a dance form but a celebration of life, love, and devotion. It brings people together, regardless of their age, gender, or social status, and creates a sense of community and harmony.

Classical Solo Dances, Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Orissi, and Kathak. As has already been mentioned several times, in India the borderline between “classical” (margi) and “folk/regional” styles (desi) is not always clear.