All questions of Culture & History of India for Civil Engineering (CE) Exam

The National Flag of India is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron [kesaria] at the top, white in the middle & dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio of width of the flag to its length is 2 to 3. In the centre of the white band of the Indian National Flag, there is a navy blue wheel which represents the chakra. Its design is that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. Its diameter comes close to the width of the white band & it has twenty four spokes. The design of the National Flag of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947.

Bankim chandra wrote the national song

Kathak is one of the main genres of ancient Indian classical dance and is traditionally regarded to have originated from the travelling bards of North India referred as Kathakars or storytellers. These Kathakars wandered around and communicated legendary stories via music, dance and songs quite like the early Greek theatre. The genre developed during the Bhakti movement, the trend of theistic devotion which evolved in medieval Hinduism. The Kathakars communicate stories through rhythmic foot movements, hand gestures, facial expressions and eye work. This performing art that incorporates legends from ancient mythology and great Indian epics, especially from the life of Lord Krishna became quite popular in the courts of North Indian kingdoms. Three specific forms of this genre that is three gharanas (schools), which mostly differ in emphasis given to footwork versus acting, are more famous namely, the Jaipur gharana, the Benaras gharana and the Lucknow gharana.

The Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, is an organisation dedicated to the promotion of literature in the languages of India. Founded on 12 March 1954, it is supported by, though independent of, the Indian government. It is in Rabindra Bhavan near Mandi House in Delhi.

Rajesh Kumar

Nirvaan means lebratation from life cycle other all relate to spreading of religion hence a is right as I think

Thillana is a format of Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu, India. It is a vibrant and rhythmic dance that is performed at the end of a Bharatanatyam recital. Thillana is a pure dance form that focuses on the use of intricate footwork and rhythmic movements.

The word 'Thillana' is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Thillai', which refers to the Thillai Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram. The Thillana is typically performed to fast-paced music, which is usually in the Carnatic music style. The music for Thillana is characterized by repetitive, fast-paced rhythms that are designed to showcase the dancer's skill and agility.

Thillana is a high-energy dance form that requires a lot of physical strength and stamina. The dancer must be able to execute complex footwork and intricate hand gestures with precision and grace. The dance form also requires the dancer to be able to maintain perfect timing and rhythm throughout the performance.

Thillana is known for its vibrant and colorful costumes, which often feature bright colors and intricate designs. The dancer's attire typically includes a flowing skirt or sari, along with jewelry and other accessories that help to accentuate the movements of the dance.

In conclusion, Thillana is a format of Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu, India. It is a pure dance form that focuses on the use of intricate footwork and rhythmic movements, and is typically performed at the end of a Bharatanatyam recital. Thillana is known for its fast-paced music, vibrant costumes, and high-energy movements, and requires a lot of skill and precision to perform.

Boat races are a special feature in the festival of Onam.

Onam Festival:
Onam is a traditional harvest festival celebrated in the Indian state of Kerala. It is one of the most important festivals in Kerala and is celebrated with great enthusiasm and joy. The festival falls in the Malayalam month of Chingam, which usually corresponds to the months of August and September.

Significance of Onam:
Onam is celebrated to commemorate the mythical King Mahabali, who was believed to have ruled Kerala in ancient times. It is believed that during his reign, Kerala witnessed a period of prosperity, peace, and harmony. Onam is celebrated to welcome the spirit of King Mahabali, who is believed to visit Kerala during this festival.

Boat Races in Onam:
One of the major attractions of the Onam festival are the boat races. These boat races are known as "Vallam Kali" in the local language. They are a traditional sport in Kerala and are held in various parts of the state during the festival.

Types of Boat Races:
There are different types of boat races held during Onam, including:

1. Snake Boat Races: The most famous and popular boat races during Onam are the snake boat races. These races involve long, narrow boats called "Chundan Vallams" which are around 100 feet in length and can accommodate around a hundred rowers. The boats are designed in the shape of a snake, with a raised prow resembling the hood of a cobra. The races are highly competitive and attract a large number of spectators.

2. Other Boat Races: Apart from the snake boat races, there are also other types of boat races held during Onam. These include Odi Vallam (rowing boats), Veppu Vallam (small country boats), and Iruttukuthi Vallam (houseboats).

Importance of Boat Races:
Boat races hold immense cultural and historical significance in Kerala. They reflect the traditional way of life in the region and showcase the strength, teamwork, and coordination of the rowers. The races are not just a sport but are also a way of preserving the rich heritage and traditions of Kerala.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, boat races are a special feature of the Onam festival celebrated in Kerala. These races are an integral part of the festival and attract a large number of participants and spectators. They not only showcase the sporting spirit of the people but also serve as a reminder of the rich cultural heritage of the state.

The ‘Natya Shastra' is the oldest surviving ancient indian work on performing arts. The author of ‘Natya Shastra' is unknown, and the Hindu tradition attributes it to the Rishi Bharata ( Bharata Muni ). It may be the work of several authors. Some names are found —Nara Muni, Abhinav Gupta, Tandu Muni.

I think turko ahgan rule in indi alasted fro about 3 centuries as they were there in the time of rana pratap also the turkish king gaznavi invaded delhi long before that.

Explanation:

Dandia is a popular dance form that originated in the state of Gujarat, situated in the western part of India. It is a traditional dance form that is performed during the festival of Navratri. The dance is performed in a group, usually by men and women who form circles around a lamp or an idol of Goddess Durga.

Origin of Dandia:

The origin of Dandia can be traced back to the ancient times when Lord Krishna used to play the Ras Leela with the Gopis of Vrindavan. Dandia is believed to be a form of the Ras Leela that was later adapted by the people of Gujarat.

Performance of Dandia:

The dance is performed by holding small wooden sticks called Dandia in each hand. The performers move around in circles, striking their sticks together to the rhythm of the music. The dance is usually performed to the beat of a dhol or a drum, accompanied by other traditional instruments like the shehnai and the harmonium.

Significance of Dandia:

Dandia is not just a dance form, but it also has a spiritual significance. The dance is performed to celebrate the victory of good over evil and to worship Goddess Durga, who is believed to have defeated the demon Mahishasura.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Dandia is a traditional dance form that originated in Gujarat and is performed during the festival of Navratri. It is a way of celebrating the victory of good over evil and worshipping Goddess Durga. The dance is not just a form of entertainment, but it also has a spiritual significance.

We can identify greek connections as the coins issued by kharoshti rulers had their name writen in greek 

As a heaven for the nature lovers, this state offers the kaleidoscope of both Indian civilization and culture.  It is also known as the Gateway. It is otherwise called Gangadwar, Mayapuri and Kapila. Most of the followers of both Vishnu and Shiva pronounce this state named Haridwar.

The Treaty of Seringapatam(also called Srirangapatinam), signed 18 March 1792, ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Its signatories included Lord Cornwallis on behalf of the British East India Company, representatives of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Mahratta Empire, and Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore.

**The National Anthem was first sung in the year 1911**

The Indian National Anthem, known as "Jana Gana Mana," was composed by Rabindranath Tagore and was first sung on December 27, 1911. It was sung at the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta (now Kolkata) to celebrate the visit of King George V, the Emperor of India, to India.

**Background of the National Anthem**

Rabindranath Tagore, a renowned poet, philosopher, and musician, composed the National Anthem as a poem in Bengali language. It was originally written as a hymn to praise the Supreme Being. Tagore was inspired to write the poem when he visited the city of Shillong in 1905 and witnessed the struggle for independence against British rule.

**Performance at the Indian National Congress**

At the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1911, the poem was sung for the first time in public. The session was held at the iconic Calcutta Town Hall, which was packed with delegates and prominent leaders of the independence movement. Tagore himself performed the song on the piano, accompanied by a choir of school students.

**Significance of the Occasion**

The occasion was significant as it marked the first public performance of the National Anthem, which later became a symbol of unity and patriotism for the Indian people. The Anthem was sung with great enthusiasm and emotion by the audience, and it quickly gained popularity throughout the country.

**Adoption as the National Anthem**

After India gained independence in 1947, "Jana Gana Mana" was officially adopted as the National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950, by the Constituent Assembly. The decision to choose Tagore's composition as the National Anthem was driven by its universal appeal, poetic beauty, and the spirit of inclusivity it embodied.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, the National Anthem of India, "Jana Gana Mana," was first sung in the year 1911 at the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta. This event marked the beginning of its journey as a powerful symbol of unity and patriotism for the Indian people.

Introduction:
The territory of Porus, who offered strong resistance to Alexander the Great, was situated between the rivers of Jhelum and Chenab. This region is part of present-day Pakistan and was known for its strategic location and fierce resistance against foreign invasions.

Geographical Location:
The Jhelum River is a tributary of the Chenab River, and both rivers are located in the Punjab region of present-day Pakistan. The Jhelum River flows through the Jhelum District and merges with the Chenab River near Trimmu. The Chenab River then continues its course, passing through various districts in Punjab.

Porus and Alexander the Great:
Porus was a regional king of the Paurava kingdom, which was situated between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers. When Alexander invaded the Indian subcontinent in 326 BCE, Porus led a strong resistance against him. The Battle of the Hydaspes, fought between Porus and Alexander, took place on the banks of the Jhelum River.

Significance of the Jhelum and Chenab Rivers:
The Jhelum and Chenab rivers provided natural barriers that protected the territory of Porus. These rivers served as formidable obstacles for Alexander's army, making it difficult for them to cross and penetrate deep into Porus' kingdom. The rivers not only provided a natural defense but also limited the mobility and strategic advantages of the invading forces.

Porus' Strategy:
Porus strategically positioned his army along the banks of the Jhelum River, utilizing the river's flow and the difficult terrain to his advantage. He employed a defensive strategy, with his well-trained and disciplined soldiers forming a strong line of defense. The narrowness of the river at certain points made it challenging for Alexander's cavalry and chariots to maneuver effectively.

Outcome:
Although Porus fought valiantly, his forces were eventually overcome by Alexander's superior military tactics and resources. However, Porus' resistance was highly regarded by Alexander, who recognized his bravery and leadership. Alexander decided to spare Porus' life and even appointed him as a satrap, allowing him to continue ruling his territory under Macedonian suzerainty.

Conclusion:
The territory of Porus, situated between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers, played a crucial role in the resistance against Alexander the Great. The natural barriers provided by these rivers and Porus' strategic defense tactics made it challenging for Alexander's forces to conquer the region easily. Porus' resistance is remembered as a significant event in ancient history, highlighting the valor and determination of the local rulers against foreign invasions.

The correct answer is option 'C': Sir Aga Khan.

The All India Muslim League was set up under the leadership of Sir Aga Khan in December 1906 in Dhaka, British India. The league was established as a political organization representing the interests of the Muslims in India, who felt the need for a separate platform to voice their concerns.

Here is a detailed explanation of the establishment of the All India Muslim League and the role of Sir Aga Khan:

1. Background:
- The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed the emergence of a strong nationalist movement in India, primarily led by the Indian National Congress (INC).
- However, the Muslim community felt that their interests and concerns were not adequately represented by the INC, which was dominated by Hindu leaders.
- Thus, there was a growing demand among Muslims for a separate political platform to protect their rights and promote their interests.

2. Establishment of the All India Muslim League:
- The idea of forming the All India Muslim League was first proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan of Dhaka in 1906.
- The proposal gained significant support from prominent Muslim leaders across India, who recognized the need for a united front to address the issues faced by the Muslim community.
- Sir Aga Khan, a prominent Muslim leader and the 48th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims, was chosen as the first president of the All India Muslim League.

3. Objectives of the All India Muslim League:
- The league aimed to safeguard the political and educational rights of Muslims in India.
- It sought to promote the interests of the Muslim community and ensure their representation in legislative bodies and government institutions.
- The league also aimed to foster unity among Muslims and create a sense of political awareness and activism within the community.

4. Contributions of Sir Aga Khan:
- Sir Aga Khan played a crucial role in the establishment and early years of the All India Muslim League.
- He provided strong leadership and guidance to the league, mobilizing support among Muslims from different regions and backgrounds.
- Under his leadership, the league organized conferences and public meetings to raise awareness about Muslim issues and promote the league's objectives.
- Sir Aga Khan's efforts helped to consolidate the league as a significant political force and laid the foundation for future Muslim leaders, including Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

In conclusion, the All India Muslim League was set up under the leadership of Sir Aga Khan in 1906. He played a vital role in establishing the league and advocating for the rights and interests of the Muslim community in India.

Overview of Amuktamalyada
Amuktamalyada is a significant literary work composed by the renowned Vijayanagara ruler, Krishnadevaraya, during the 16th century. This epic poem is celebrated for its artistic and cultural contributions to the Telugu language and literature.
Language of Composition
- Telugu: The work is primarily written in Telugu, which was the dominant language of the Vijayanagara Empire and a medium for rich literary expression during Krishnadevaraya's reign.
- Literary Significance: Amuktamalyada, meaning "one who gave the garland," is a poetic narrative that intertwines themes of love, devotion, and philosophy, showcasing the beauty of the Telugu language.
Context and Themes
- Mythological Basis: The poem is based on the story of the divine love between Lord Vishnu and his devotee, Andal, a revered figure in Tamil Vaishnavism.
- Cultural Reflection: Through this work, Krishnadevaraya emphasizes the importance of devotion, ethics, and the cultural values of his time, reflecting the grandeur of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Conclusion
- Legacy: Amuktamalyada remains a cornerstone of Telugu literature, illustrating the linguistic prowess and cultural richness of the era while solidifying Krishnadevaraya’s legacy as a patron of arts and literature.
In summary, the correct answer is option 'A' because Amuktamalyada was indeed written in Telugu, highlighting the historical and literary significance of the language within the context of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Victories of Karikala:
- Karikala was a legendary Chola king who is believed to have ruled during the Sangam Period in ancient Tamil Nadu, India.
- His victories and achievements were well-documented in various literary works of that time.
Pattinappalai:
- One of the literary works that portrays Karikala's victories is the Pattinappalai.
- Pattinappalai is a Tamil poetic work written by the poet Uruttiran Kannanar.
- It is a part of the Sangam literature and describes the beauty and prosperity of the ancient city of Kaveripattinam, which was the capital of the Chola kingdom during Karikala's reign.
- The poem also highlights the victories and military achievements of Karikala.
Other Literary Works:
- While Pattinappalai specifically mentions Karikala's victories, there are other Sangam literary works that also refer to his military successes.
- Palamoli, Aruvanad, and Padirrupattu are examples of such works.
- These works contain references to the conquests, battles, and military strategies employed by Karikala.
Conclusion:
- The victories of Karikala, the Chola king, are well-portrayed in various Sangam literary works such as Pattinappalai, Palamoli, Aruvanad, and Padirrupattu.
- These works document his military achievements and shed light on the glory and prosperity of the Chola kingdom during his reign.

Garba - The Folk Dance of Gujarat

Garba is a popular folk dance form of Gujarat, a state in western India. It is performed during the nine-day Hindu festival of Navratri, which celebrates the goddess Durga. Garba is also performed on other occasions such as weddings and cultural events.

History and Origin of Garba

Garba has its roots in the devotion of the goddess Amba, or Mother Earth, as well as the ancient fertility worship of the mother goddess, Shakti. The dance form is believed to have originated in the Gujarat region more than 500 years ago.

Costumes and Music of Garba

Garba is traditionally performed by women who wear colorful chaniya choli (long skirt and blouse) with lots of mirror work and embroidery. They also wear heavy jewelry and decorate their hair with flowers. Men wear kafni pyjamas with a short kurta and a colorful turban.

The dance is accompanied by live music played on traditional instruments such as dhol, tabla, and dholak. The songs are in the Gujarati language and praise the goddess and her various forms.

Steps and Movements of Garba

Garba is a circular dance performed around an earthen lamp called a Garba Deep. The dancers move in a clockwise direction, clapping their hands and tapping their feet to the beat of the music. The steps and movements are simple and repetitive, making it easy for anyone to participate.

Conclusion

Garba is not just a dance form but a celebration of life, love, and devotion. It brings people together, regardless of their age, gender, or social status, and creates a sense of community and harmony.

Lucknow, in Uttar Pradesh (India), is the centre of chikankari , a skill of more than 200 years old. It literally means 'embroidery'. It was originally done with a white thread on a white cloth, hence the name 'white embroidery'. Now, it is done on a variety of fabrics and in a spectrum of colours.

Introduction:
Vikramaditya, a king of Ujjain, is known for his intelligence, bravery, and victories. He started the Vikrama samvat in 58 BC to commemorate his victory over the Sakas.

Who were the Sakas:
The Sakas were a group of nomadic tribes who migrated from Central Asia to India. They were known for their military skills and ruled over parts of India from 2nd century BC to 4th century AD. They were also known as Scythians and were one of the major challengers to the Mauryan Empire.

Reason behind starting Vikrama Samvat:
Vikramaditya defeated the Sakas in a battle and established his rule over Ujjain. To commemorate his victory, he started the Vikrama Samvat in 58 BC. The Vikrama Samvat is a lunar calendar and is still used in parts of India, especially in North India.

Significance of Vikrama Samvat:
The Vikrama Samvat is used as an official calendar in Nepal and is also used in some parts of India. The calendar is based on the phases of the moon and has 12 months of different lengths. It is similar to the Hindu calendar and is used to determine the dates of festivals and other important events.

Conclusion:
Vikramaditya's victory over the Sakas and the starting of the Vikrama Samvat is a significant event in Indian history. The Vikrama Samvat is still used in parts of India and Nepal and is a testament to the enduring legacy of Vikramaditya.

The correct answer is option 'B' - Sangeet Akademi.

Explanation:
Sangeet Akademi, or the National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama, is responsible for fostering the development of dance, drama, and music in India. Let's explore more about Sangeet Akademi and its role in promoting these art forms in the country.

1. Establishment and Mandate:
Sangeet Akademi was established in 1953 by the Government of India as an autonomous body. It functions as the apex national organization for the promotion and preservation of Indian classical music, dance, and drama.

2. Objectives:
The main objectives of Sangeet Akademi are:
- Promoting the growth and development of Indian music, dance, and drama.
- Preserving and documenting traditional and contemporary forms of performing arts.
- Recognizing and honoring excellence in the field of music, dance, and drama.
- Encouraging research and publications in the field of performing arts.
- Collaborating with national and international organizations to promote cultural exchange.

3. Activities and Initiatives:
Sangeet Akademi carries out various activities and initiatives to fulfill its objectives:
- Organizing festivals, concerts, and performances across the country to promote Indian music, dance, and drama.
- Conducting workshops, seminars, and conferences to facilitate the exchange of ideas and knowledge among artists, scholars, and enthusiasts.
- Granting scholarships and fellowships to support talented artists and students in pursuing their education and training in performing arts.
- Awarding prestigious titles, such as Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships and Awards, to recognize and honor exceptional artists, scholars, and gurus.
- Publishing books, journals, and research papers related to Indian music, dance, and drama.
- Collaborating with other cultural organizations, both within India and abroad, to promote cultural exchange and create opportunities for artists to showcase their talent.

4. Impact and Significance:
Sangeet Akademi plays a crucial role in preserving and promoting the rich cultural heritage of India. It has contributed significantly to the growth and recognition of Indian classical music, dance, and drama both domestically and internationally. The organization's initiatives have provided a platform for artists to showcase their talent, facilitated the exchange of ideas and knowledge, and encouraged the younger generation to take up these traditional art forms.

In conclusion, Sangeet Akademi is responsible for fostering the development of dance, drama, and music in India. Through its various activities and initiatives, the organization promotes and preserves the rich cultural heritage of Indian classical music, dance, and drama, while also recognizing and honoring exceptional artists and scholars in the field.

Explanation:
The dance encouraged and performed from the temple of Tanjore is Bharatanatyam. Here is a brief explanation of Bharatanatyam:

Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form that originated in the state of Tamil Nadu in South India. It is one of the oldest and most popular dance forms in India. Bharatanatyam is a combination of music, dance, and drama. It is characterized by intricate footwork, hand gestures, facial expressions, and body movements.

Origin:
The origin of Bharatanatyam can be traced back to the temples of Tamil Nadu. It was initially performed by devadasis or temple dancers who were dedicated to serving the deities in the temples. Over time, Bharatanatyam evolved into a sophisticated art form that was performed on stage.

Costume:
The costume of Bharatanatyam is typically a colorful sari with a matching blouse. The dancer wears a lot of jewelry, including bangles, earrings, and necklaces. The hair is usually tied up in a bun and adorned with flowers.

Performance:
A typical Bharatanatyam performance consists of several items, including an invocation, a pure dance sequence, and a narrative dance sequence. The narrative dance sequence usually tells a story from Hindu mythology.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is characterized by intricate footwork, hand gestures, facial expressions, and body movements. It is typically performed in a colorful sari with a lot of jewelry and tells stories from Hindu mythology.

Troops Raised by the Emperor

The troops raised by the emperor but not paid directly by the state were known as Dakhili. These troops were placed under the charge of mansabadars, who were appointed by the emperor. The mansabadars were responsible for maintaining and commanding the troops.

Role of Mansabadars

The mansabadars were the holders of rank or office in the Mughal Empire. They were appointed by the emperor and were responsible for various administrative and military duties. The mansabadars were given jagirs, which were revenue assignments that provided them with an income. They were also responsible for maintaining a certain number of troops, which were placed under their charge.

Duties of Dakhili Troops

The Dakhili troops were responsible for maintaining law and order within the empire. They were also used for military campaigns and expeditions. The Dakhili troops were well-equipped with firearms and other weapons, and were trained in the art of warfare.

Difference Between Dakhili and Other Troops

The Dakhili troops were different from other troops in the Mughal Empire. The other troops were known as Walashahi, Barawardi, and Cumaki. The Walashahi troops were paid directly by the state and were under the charge of the governor. The Barawardi troops were raised by the emperor and were paid directly by the state. The Cumaki troops were soldiers who were recruited from the local population and were used for local defence.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the troops raised by the emperor but not paid directly by the state were known as Dakhili troops. These troops were placed under the charge of mansabadars, who were responsible for maintaining and commanding them. The Dakhili troops played an important role in maintaining law and order within the empire and were also used for military campaigns and expeditions.

The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between the English East India Company and Tipu Sultan on 11 March 1784. This treaty brought an end to the Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784) which was fought between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company.

Details of the Treaty:

The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between the British East India Company and Tipu Sultan. The key provisions of the treaty were:

1. Mutual Return of Territory: Both parties agreed to restore to each other all territories, forts and places that had been captured during the war.

2. Prisoners of War: All prisoners of war on both sides were to be released without any ransom or payment.

3. Alliance: Both parties agreed to enter into an alliance against any common enemy.

4. Compensation: The British East India Company agreed to pay Tipu Sultan a sum of three lakhs of rupees as compensation for the expenses incurred during the war.

5. Status Quo: The treaty established a status quo ante bellum, which means that the situation that existed before the war was restored.

Significance of the Treaty:

The Treaty of Mangalore was significant for several reasons:

1. It brought an end to the Second Anglo-Mysore War, which had been a long and protracted conflict.

2. It established peace and restored the status quo ante bellum.

3. It recognized the power and sovereignty of Tipu Sultan and the Kingdom of Mysore.

4. It paved the way for a period of relative peace and stability in the region.

Conclusion:

The Treaty of Mangalore was an important milestone in the history of India, as it brought an end to a long and bitter war and established peace and stability in the region. It also recognized the power and sovereignty of Tipu Sultan and the Kingdom of Mysore.

"Satyameva Jayate"  is a mantra from the ancient Indian scripture Mundaka Upanishad. Following the independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto of India in 26 January 1950.

Title given to Mahatma Gandhi by British Government during non-cooperation movement

Background:
Mahatma Gandhi was one of the most prominent leaders of India's freedom struggle. He led several movements against the British rule in India, including the non-cooperation movement. In this movement, he urged Indians to boycott British goods, institutions, and courts.

Title given by British Government:
The British government had conferred upon Mahatma Gandhi the title of "Kaiser-e-Hind" for his services to the British Empire during the Boer War in South Africa. However, during the non-cooperation movement, Mahatma Gandhi surrendered this title as a symbolic gesture of his opposition to the British rule in India. He urged other Indians to do the same.

Meaning of Kaiser-e-Hind:
The title "Kaiser-e-Hind" means "Emperor of India" in Urdu. It was a high honor bestowed upon individuals who had rendered exceptional services to the British Empire in India.

Significance of surrendering the title:
Mahatma Gandhi's decision to surrender the title of "Kaiser-e-Hind" was a powerful symbol of his opposition to the British rule in India. It sent a message to other Indians that they should not cooperate with the British government or accept any honors or titles conferred upon them by the British. It also demonstrated Mahatma Gandhi's commitment to the cause of Indian independence and his willingness to make personal sacrifices for it.

Conclusion:
Surrendering the title of "Kaiser-e-Hind" was a significant moment in India's freedom struggle. It demonstrated Mahatma Gandhi's commitment to the cause of Indian independence and inspired other Indians to join the non-cooperation movement.

Title of Viceroy added to Governor-General of India in 1858 AD

Background:
The British East India Company had been ruling India since the 18th century. However, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Crown took over the administration of India from the Company. As a result, the office of the Governor-General of India was transformed into that of the Viceroy of India.

Explanation:
The title of Viceroy was added to the office of the Governor-General of India in 1858 AD. Lord Canning was the first person to hold the title of Viceroy. The change in title reflected the shift in power from the East India Company to the British Crown.

The Viceroy was the representative of the British monarch in India and was responsible for the administration of the country. He had wide-ranging powers and was assisted by a council of advisors.

The title of Viceroy was used until India gained independence in 1947. The last Viceroy of India was Lord Mountbatten.

Significance:
The addition of the title of Viceroy to the office of the Governor-General of India was an important step in the history of British India. It signaled the end of the East India Company's rule and the beginning of direct British rule over India.

The Viceroy was responsible for many important decisions, including the partition of Bengal in 1905 and the transfer of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. The office of the Viceroy also played a key role in the negotiations leading up to India's independence in 1947.

Overall, the title of Viceroy was an important symbol of British power in India and played a significant role in shaping the country's history.

Battle of Peshawar, was fought on 27 November 1001 between the Ghaznavid army of Sultan Mahmud bin Sebuktigin (Mahmud of Ghazni) and the Hindu Shahi army of Jayapala, near Peshawar. Jayapala was defeated and captured, and as a result of the humiliation of the defeat, he later immolated himself in a funeral pyre.

Charter act 1853 introduced open competitive system for recruitment of civil servants.It was open for Indians also for the first time.

Mahanayakacharya

Answer is A

Velu thampi led a revolt against british in the Travancore which is in the state kerala.

Tolkappiyam and Its Association with Sangam Periods

Tolkappiyam is a Tamil grammar text that is considered one of the earliest and most important works of Tamil literature. It is divided into three sections, namely Ezhuttadikaram, Soladikaram, and Poruladikaram, which deal with the topics of phonetics, grammar, and rhetoric, respectively. The text is believed to have been written by the poet-scholar Tolkappiyar, who lived during the Sangam period of Tamil history.

The Sangam period is a period of Tamil history that is associated with the development of Tamil literature and culture. It is divided into three periods, namely the First Sangam period (300 BCE-200 CE), the Second Sangam period (200 CE-600 CE), and the Third Sangam period (600 CE-900 CE). The Sangam period was characterized by the patronage of kings and chieftains to poets and scholars, who composed works in various genres such as poetry, grammar, music, and philosophy.

Tolkappiyam is associated with the Second Sangam period, which is considered the golden age of Tamil literature. During this period, many important works of Tamil literature were composed, including the five great epics, namely Silappatikaram, Manimekalai, Civaka Cintamani, Valayapathi, and Kundalakesi. The Second Sangam period was also marked by the emergence of the bhakti movement, which emphasized devotion to God and the importance of ethical conduct.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Tolkappiyam is a Tamil grammar text that is associated with the Second Sangam period of Tamil history. This period is considered the golden age of Tamil literature, and it produced many important works of poetry, grammar, music, and philosophy. Tolkappiyam is an important work of Tamil literature that has had a lasting impact on the development of Tamil language and culture.

The use of Spinning Wheel (Charkha) in India

Introduction:
The spinning wheel or Charkha is a simple device used for spinning thread or yarn from natural fibers such as cotton, wool, or silk. It played a significant role in India's struggle for independence and was popularized by Mahatma Gandhi as a symbol of self-reliance and economic independence.

History:
The spinning wheel was first mentioned in Indian literature during the 14th century AD. It was widely used by the people of India, especially in rural areas for spinning cotton and silk. The spinning wheel was also used in the textile industry for weaving fabrics.

Significance:
The spinning wheel became a symbol of India's self-reliance and economic independence during the British rule. Mahatma Gandhi encouraged people to use the spinning wheel as a way of boycotting British goods and promoting Indian-made products. He believed that by spinning their own cloth, Indians could become self-sufficient and break free from the British economic system.

Impact:
The use of the spinning wheel gained popularity during the early 20th century, and it became a symbol of India's nationalist movement. The spinning wheel was even included in the Indian flag adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India in 1947.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the spinning wheel or Charkha has played a significant role in India's history and is still used today in rural areas for spinning natural fibers. It is a symbol of self-reliance, economic independence, and India's struggle for independence.

Paramara

The term 'Yavanapriya' mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts denoted pepper.

All teachers ,lawyers and journalists because the all are working in their field lawyers were fighting in the court room .Teachers are making the future generations to be aware about what is freedom ,and the journalists are making the whole country aware what is happening they have to what ? All of them playing their role and struggling for freedom

Under the Government of India Act, 1935, each of the following Provincial Legislatures consisted of two chambers, except Punjab because the federal subjects were divided into reserved subjects and transferred subjects , out of 11 provinces only 6 of them got bicameralism.

Explanation:

The term Brahmadeya refers to land grants made to Brahmins in ancient India. It was considered a pious act to donate land to Brahmins, who were believed to be the custodians of knowledge and wisdom.

The first occurrence of the term Brahmadeya is found in pre-Gupta inscriptions. The Gupta period (320-550 CE) is known for its extensive land grants, and the term Brahmadeya appears frequently in Gupta inscriptions. However, the term is believed to have originated earlier, during the Mauryan period (322-185 BCE).

The term Brahmadeya is significant because it reflects the social and religious beliefs of ancient India. Land grants to Brahmins were seen as a way of earning merit and spiritual benefits. The Brahmins, in turn, were expected to perform religious ceremonies and provide guidance to the community.

Land grants to Brahmins continued to be made throughout the medieval period and into the colonial era. However, the practice declined significantly with the rise of British rule and the introduction of new land laws.

In conclusion, the term Brahmadeya first appeared in pre-Gupta inscriptions and refers to land grants made to Brahmins in ancient India. It is significant because it reflects the social and religious beliefs of the time and highlights the importance of Brahmins in Indian society.