All questions of Climate for Class 9 Exam

**Explanation:**

The climate of a place is determined by various factors such as geographical location, altitude, proximity to water bodies, and prevailing wind patterns. In the case of the given options, Mussoorie is the place with a cooler climate even during summers.

**Factors determining the climate:**

1. **Geographical Location:** Mussoorie is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas in Uttarakhand, while the other options are located in different regions of India. The proximity to the Himalayas plays a significant role in Mussoorie's cooler climate.

2. **Altitude:** Mussoorie is located at an altitude of around 2,000 meters above sea level. Higher altitudes generally have cooler temperatures due to the decrease in air pressure and the associated drop in temperature.

3. **Proximity to Water Bodies:** Mussoorie is relatively close to the Yamuna River, which acts as a source of moisture and helps in maintaining a cooler climate. Mumbai, on the other hand, is located on the coast of the Arabian Sea, which leads to a relatively warmer and more humid climate.

4. **Prevailing Wind Patterns:** The wind patterns in Mussoorie are influenced by the Himalayas, resulting in cool and refreshing breezes. In contrast, cities like Allahabad, Mumbai, and Amritsar may experience hot and dry winds during summers.

**Conclusion:**

Considering all these factors, Mussoorie has a cooler climate even during summers compared to the other options mentioned. Its geographical location in the foothills of the Himalayas, higher altitude, proximity to a water source, and prevailing wind patterns contribute to its pleasant weather throughout the year.

Thar desert

Explanation:

The answer to the question is option B, which is "Rabi".

Explanation:

1. Rabi Crops:
Rabi crops are the crops that are sown in the winter season, which typically starts in October or November and lasts until March or April. These crops are associated with the winter rainfall, also known as the "northeast monsoon" or the "retreating monsoon". The winter rainfall is crucial for the growth and development of these crops.

Rabi crops include wheat, barley, oats, gram, mustard, peas, etc. These crops are well-adapted to the prevailing weather conditions during the winter season, and they require cool weather and a sufficient amount of water for their growth.

2. Kharif Crops:
Kharif crops, on the other hand, are sown in the rainy season, typically around June or July. These crops are associated with the southwest monsoon, which brings heavy rainfall to the regions during the summer season. Kharif crops include rice, maize, millet, cotton, etc.

3. Zaid Crops:
Zaid crops are the crops that are grown in the summer season, between the harvesting of the rabi crops and the sowing of the kharif crops. These crops are mainly grown in regions with sufficient irrigation facilities and are not dependent on monsoon rainfall. Zaid crops include watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, bitter gourd, etc.

Conclusion:
Based on the above explanation, it is clear that the crop associated with winter rainfall is the "Rabi" crop. Rabi crops are sown in the winter season and require the winter rainfall for their growth and development.

JODHPUR lies in the North-Western region of India in the state of Rajasthan. In the desert region, the daytime is very hot due to extreme sunlight and at night time the sand cools down very quickly so it gets very cold, hence Jodhpur experiences a very diurnal range of temperature.

Tropic of Cancer and its location in India

What is Tropic of Cancer?

Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line that circles the Earth at 23.5 degrees north of the Equator. This line marks the farthest northern point at which the Sun appears directly overhead at noon.

Location of Tropic of Cancer in India

The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India, dividing it into two halves. It enters India through the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat in the west and moves towards the east passing through Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Tripura before leaving the Indian mainland at Mizoram.

Incorrect statements about Tropic of Cancer

Option A states that the Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of Kerala, which is incorrect. Kerala is located south of the Tropic of Cancer.

Option C states that the Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of Delhi to Arunachal Pradesh, which is also incorrect. While the Tropic of Cancer does pass through the state of Arunachal Pradesh, it does not pass through Delhi.

Correct statement about Tropic of Cancer

Option B states that the Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from Rann of Kuchchh in the west to Mizoram in the east, which is correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Location of Pune and Mumbai

• Pune is located to the east of Mumbai, approximately 150 km away, in the state of Maharashtra, India.

• Mumbai is located on the west coast of India, facing the Arabian Sea.

Factors responsible for Pune receiving lesser rainfall

• Location: Pune is located on the leeward side of the Western Ghats, while Mumbai is located on the windward side. This means that the Western Ghats act as a barrier for rain-bearing winds that come from the Arabian Sea. The winds get obstructed by the Western Ghats and lose most of their moisture while passing over them. Thus, the leeward side of the Western Ghats receives much less rainfall as compared to the windward side.

• Distance from the sea: Pune is located much farther from the Arabian Sea than Mumbai. The distance reduces the amount of moisture that the wind can carry, which leads to less rainfall.

• Continentality: Pune is located in the interior part of the Indian subcontinent, while Mumbai is located on the coast. The interior parts of the subcontinent experience a continental climate, which means that they receive less rainfall due to the absence of moisture from the sea.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Pune receives much lesser rainfall as compared to Mumbai due to its location on the leeward side of the Western Ghats, its distance from the sea, and the continental climate of the interior parts of the Indian subcontinent.

Importance of Relief in Determining Climate

Relief, also known as topography, plays a major role in determining the climate of a place, along with other factors such as latitude, altitude, wind patterns, ocean currents, and distance from the sea. Relief refers to the physical features of the land, such as mountains, valleys, and plateaus, which affect the distribution of temperature, precipitation, and vegetation.

Elevation and Temperature

One of the most important ways in which relief affects climate is through elevation. As altitude increases, temperature decreases, and vice versa. This is because air becomes thinner and less dense at higher altitudes, which means that it can hold less heat. Therefore, mountainous regions tend to be cooler than low-lying areas at the same latitude. For example, the Himalayas in Asia and the Andes in South America are much colder than the surrounding regions.

Mountain Barriers and Precipitation

Relief also affects precipitation patterns because mountains can act as barriers to the movement of air masses. When warm, moist air from the ocean encounters a mountain range, it is forced to rise and cool, which causes the water vapor to condense and form clouds. These clouds can then produce precipitation on the windward side of the mountain, which is the side facing the prevailing winds. The leeward side of the mountain, on the other hand, tends to be dry because the descending air is warmed and dries out.

Coastal vs. Inland Climate

Another way in which relief affects climate is through its influence on the proximity of a place to the sea. Coastal areas tend to have milder and more moderate climates than inland areas, which are subject to greater temperature extremes. This is because the sea has a moderating effect on temperature, which means that it takes longer to warm up and cool down than the land. Therefore, coastal areas have cooler summers and warmer winters than inland areas at the same latitude. Additionally, coastal areas tend to have higher humidity and more precipitation than inland areas because of the presence of moist sea air.

In conclusion, relief plays a major role in determining the climate of a place. It affects temperature, precipitation, and vegetation by influencing factors such as elevation, mountain barriers, and proximity to the sea. Therefore, it is important to consider relief when studying and predicting climate patterns.

Explanation: These winds rise upwards and give good amount of rainfall to the windward side of western ghats. (iii) When these winds cross the western ghats towards the leeward side they have very less moisture and they descend thus the temperatures increases and also the moisture retaining capacity also increases.
During summer, the surfaces of the land and ocean absorb heat from the sun, which warms the atmosphere above them. Hot air expands and rises above the continent. ... Those are the monsoon winds, blowing in from the southwest across the ocean, carrying moisture-laden air and bringing heavy rain over land.

Latitude and Altitude and their impact on climatic elements

Latitude and altitude are two important geographical factors that determine the climatic conditions of a place.

Latitude

- Latitude refers to the angular distance of a place from the equator and is measured in degrees.
- The angle of incidence of the sun's rays determines the amount of solar energy received by any place on the earth's surface.
- The equatorial regions receive maximum solar radiation as the angle of incidence of the sun's rays is nearly perpendicular to the earth's surface.
- As we move towards higher latitudes, the angle of incidence decreases, resulting in a decrease in solar radiation received.
- This variation in solar radiation results in variations in temperature and other climatic elements.

Altitude

- Altitude refers to the height of a place above sea level.
- As we move from the sea level to higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure decreases, resulting in a decrease in temperature.
- This is because the air at higher altitudes is less dense and cannot retain heat as effectively as the air at lower altitudes.
- Furthermore, the altitude of a place also affects the amount of precipitation received.
- As moist air rises to higher altitudes, it cools and condenses, resulting in the formation of clouds and precipitation.

Impact on Climatic Elements

- The variation in solar radiation and temperature due to latitude and altitude affects several climatic elements, including:

1. Temperature

- Latitude and altitude are the primary factors that determine temperature variations across the globe.
- As we move towards higher latitudes and altitudes, the temperature decreases.

2. Precipitation

- The altitude of a place affects the amount of precipitation received.
- As moist air rises to higher altitudes, it cools and condenses, resulting in the formation of clouds and precipitation.

3. Wind

- The temperature difference between different latitudes results in the formation of pressure gradients that drive wind patterns across the globe.
- The altitude of a place also affects the strength and direction of local wind patterns.

Conclusion

In conclusion, latitude and altitude are two important geographical factors that determine the climatic conditions of a place. While latitude primarily determines the amount of solar radiation received, altitude affects the temperature and precipitation patterns of a place. Together, these factors play a significant role in shaping the climatic elements of a place.

The correct answer is option 'D' - October to November.

Tamil Nadu is located on the southeastern coast of India and experiences a tropical wet and dry climate. The region receives most of its rainfall during the northeast monsoon season, which generally occurs from October to December. Let's explore why October and November are the months when Tamil Nadu coast receives the most rainfall.

1. Northeast Monsoon:
The northeast monsoon, also known as the winter monsoon or the retreating monsoon, is a reversal of winds that brings rainfall to Tamil Nadu. During this season, the northeast trade winds blow from the land towards the sea, carrying moisture from the Bay of Bengal. As a result, the eastern coast of Tamil Nadu receives heavy rainfall.

2. Reason for Heavy Rainfall:
The northeast monsoon is primarily influenced by the retreating southwest monsoon, which brings abundant rainfall to the western coast of India from June to September. As the southwest monsoon weakens and withdraws, it sets the stage for the onset of the northeast monsoon. The moisture-laden winds from the Bay of Bengal collide with the dry winds from the land, leading to the formation of rain-bearing clouds and subsequent rainfall along the Tamil Nadu coast.

3. Rainfall Distribution:
During the months of October and November, Tamil Nadu receives the highest amount of rainfall due to the northeast monsoon. Coastal areas such as Chennai, Cuddalore, and Nagapattinam experience heavy rainfall during this period. The rainfall gradually decreases in December as the northeast monsoon weakens.

4. Importance of Northeast Monsoon:
The northeast monsoon is crucial for Tamil Nadu's agriculture as it provides much-needed water for irrigation. The rainfall during this season replenishes groundwater levels and contributes to the growth of crops such as paddy, pulses, and millets.

In conclusion, the Tamil Nadu coast receives most of its rainfall during the months of October and November due to the influence of the northeast monsoon. This rainfall is essential for the region's agriculture and overall water availability.

The state of the atmosphere at a place at any time is referred to as Weather, Option A

The word monsoon comes from the Arabic word mausim, which means weather.

Understanding Climate Types in India
India's diverse geography results in various climate types across its regions. Among the given options, Delhi experiences the most extreme climate.
Climate Characteristics of Delhi:
- Temperature Variations:
- Summers in Delhi can soar above 40°C, while winters can dip below 5°C.
- This significant temperature range signifies an extreme climate.
- Seasonal Changes:
- Delhi experiences harsh summers from April to June, followed by a monsoon season from July to September, and cold winters from November to February.
- This sharp contrast between seasons adds to the extremity of the climate.
Comparison with Other Cities:
- Shillong:
- Known for its moderate climate, Shillong experiences heavy rainfall and mild temperatures, making it less extreme.
- Bengaluru:
- Bengaluru has a more temperate climate with pleasant weather year-round, characterized by moderate temperatures and less humidity.
- Chennai:
- While Chennai has hot and humid conditions, it does not exhibit the same level of temperature fluctuation as Delhi.
Conclusion:
Delhi's climate is characterized by a high degree of variability, with very hot summers and cold winters, making it the place with the most extreme climate among the options provided.

The Himalayas

The Southwest Monsoon winds are crucial in shaping India's monsoon climate. These winds, originating from the southern Indian Ocean, carry moisture and bring widespread rainfall to the Indian subcontinent. The monsoon's arrival and intensity are influenced by the reversal of these winds' direction from the high-pressure area over the southern Indian Ocean to the low-pressure areas over India.

The correct answer is option 'D', which states that all of the above atmospheric conditions govern the climate and associated weather conditions in India. Let's explore each of these conditions in detail:

a) Pressure and surface winds:
Pressure and surface winds play a crucial role in determining the climate patterns in India. The Indian subcontinent experiences two major air pressure systems - the low-pressure system over the Tibetan Plateau and the high-pressure system over the Indian Ocean. The contrast in pressure between these two systems creates the monsoon winds, which are vital for the Indian climate.

During summer, the intense heating of the Tibetan Plateau leads to the formation of a low-pressure area. As a result, the moist air from the Indian Ocean is drawn towards the landmass, resulting in the southwest monsoon. These winds bring heavy rainfall to the Indian subcontinent, especially in the summer months.

In winter, the situation reverses as the landmass cools down rapidly, creating a high-pressure area. This leads to the formation of the northeast monsoon, bringing dry and cool winds from the land to the sea.

b) Upper air circulation:
Upper air circulation patterns, particularly the Jet Stream, significantly influence the climate in India. The Jet Stream is a narrow band of strong winds in the upper atmosphere. It acts as a boundary between the warm tropical air and the cold polar air. The position and strength of the Jet Stream influence the movement of weather systems and can impact the duration and intensity of monsoons in India.

c) Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones:
India's climate is also influenced by the occurrence of cyclonic disturbances. These include the Western Disturbances, which originate from the Mediterranean region and bring winter rainfall to northern India, and the tropical cyclones that form over the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal. These cyclonic disturbances can bring heavy rainfall, strong winds, and even storm surges, which impact the weather conditions in different parts of India.

d) All the above:
All of the above-mentioned atmospheric conditions interact and contribute to the climate and weather patterns in India. The combination of pressure and surface winds, upper air circulation, and the occurrence of cyclonic disturbances determine the distribution of rainfall, temperature variations, and other weather phenomena across the country.

In conclusion, understanding the interplay between pressure and surface winds, upper air circulation, and cyclonic disturbances is crucial in comprehending the complex climate and associated weather conditions in India. These factors collectively shape the monsoon patterns, rainfall distribution, and temperature variations, making them vital to the Indian climate.

The Thar Desert experiences extreme temperature variations between day and night because of the high daytime temperatures which cause rapid cooling once the sun sets. This significant difference is due to the desert's dry conditions and lack of moisture to retain heat. Interestingly, such temperature swings are typical of desert climates, where the absence of cloud cover allows for swift heat loss at night.

Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time (more than thirty years).

Explanation:

Temperature
Temperature is not one of the six major controls of the climate of any place. The six major controls of climate include:

1. Latitude:
Latitude plays a significant role in determining the climate of a place. The further away from the equator, the cooler the climate tends to be.

2. Pressure and Wind Systems:
Pressure and wind systems, such as the trade winds and westerlies, help distribute heat across the globe and influence the climate of different regions.

3. Distance from the Sea:
Places located near the sea tend to have milder climates due to the moderating effect of the ocean. In contrast, inland areas experience more extreme temperature variations.

4. Ocean Currents:
Ocean currents can impact the climate of coastal regions by bringing warm or cold water from different parts of the world.

5. Altitude:
Altitude affects climate by influencing temperature and precipitation. Generally, higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes.

6. Topography:
The physical features of the land, such as mountains and valleys, can create local variations in climate by affecting factors like temperature and rainfall.

In conclusion, while temperature is an important aspect of climate, it is not considered one of the six major controls that determine the overall climate of a place.

Most parts of the country get rainfall during June-September, but on the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, it rains in the beginning of the winter season. In spite of these differences and variations, the climate of India is monsoonal in rhythm and character.

STHPB coz most of the time when you see the cells of Hadley and Ferrel cell they both meets or converges at 35 degree N or S convergence is one reason second is the Coriolis effects plays a role of slightly moving the convergent wind i hope so

Kal Baisakhi is a festival celebrated in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is also known as Nobo Barsho or Bengali New Year. The festival falls on the 14th or 15th of April every year and is celebrated with great enthusiasm and joy by the Bengali community.

History and Significance
The Bengali New Year is based on the Bengali calendar, which is a solar calendar. The calendar was introduced by Mughal Emperor Akbar in the 16th century. The Bengali calendar starts with the month of Baisakh, which is why the festival is also known as Baisakhi.

Celebrations
The festival is celebrated by cleaning and decorating the house, wearing new clothes, and preparing traditional Bengali dishes. People visit temples and offer prayers to seek blessings for the coming year. The day is marked by cultural programmes, including songs, dances, and drama performances. People also exchange greetings and sweets with each other.

Kal Baisakhi in Rural Bengal
In rural Bengal, the festival takes a unique turn. It is celebrated as a harvest festival as the crops are ready for harvesting during this time. The farmers offer their first harvest to the deities and thank them for the bountiful yield. The festival is marked by fairs and processions, where people come together to celebrate and enjoy the harvest.

Conclusion
Kal Baisakhi is an important festival for the Bengali community, which marks the beginning of a new year and a new crop season. The festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm and joy, and it is a time for people to come together and enjoy the cultural heritage of Bengal.

Major Controls of Climate

There are six major controls of the climate of any place. They are:

1. Latitude
2. Pressure
3. Distance from the sea
4. Altitude
5. Land and water distribution
6. Ocean currents

Explanation

The climate of any place is determined by various factors, including latitude, pressure, distance from the sea, altitude, land and water distribution, and ocean currents. These factors play a crucial role in shaping the temperature, precipitation, and other weather patterns of a region.

Latitude is the most important factor in determining the climate of a place. It refers to the distance of a place from the equator. Places near the equator receive direct sunlight and are therefore warmer than places near the poles.

Pressure refers to the air pressure in a particular region. Places with high pressure tend to be dry and sunny, while places with low pressure tend to be humid and cloudy.

Distance from the sea also plays a crucial role in determining the climate of a place. Places near the sea tend to have milder temperatures than places inland. This is because the sea acts as a heat sink, absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night.

Altitude refers to the height of a place above sea level. Places at higher altitudes tend to be colder than places at lower altitudes.

Land and water distribution also affects the climate of a place. Places with more water bodies tend to be milder than places with more land.

Ocean currents also play a crucial role in determining the climate of a place. Warm ocean currents tend to make the adjacent land warmer, while cold ocean currents tend to make the adjacent land colder.

Conclusion

Temperature is not one of the six major controls of the climate of any place. While temperature is an important aspect of climate, it is determined by the other factors mentioned above. Understanding the major controls of climate is essential for predicting and adapting to the changing weather patterns of a region.